Antisense modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression

ABSTRACT

Antisense compounds, compositions and methods are provided for modulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. The compositions comprise antisense compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, targeted to nucleic acids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Methods of using these compounds for modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression and for treatment of diseases associated with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 are provided.

INTRODUCTION

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 09/953,318 filed Sep. 13, 2001.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. In particular, this invention relates to compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, specifically hybridizable with nucleic acids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Such compounds have been shown to modulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] As a mitogen that acts primarily on endothelial cells, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, or VEGF-A) is essential for endothelial cell differentiation (vasculogenesis) and for the sprouting of new capillaries from pre-existing vessels (angiogenesis) during embryonic development and wound repair. Signaling by VEGF affects a number of biological functions, including endothelial cell survival via inhibition of apoptosis, cell proliferation, vascular permeability, monocyte activation, chemotaxis, and cell migration. Thus, VEGF is believed to play a key role in wound healing, postnatal angiogenesis during pregnancy, and in human pathophysiological conditions such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, ocular neovascular disorders, and cardiovascular disease (Zachary and Gliki, Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 49, 568-581).

[0004] For transmission of the VEGF signal, VEGF binds to three receptor protein tyrosine kinases, vascular endothelial growth factor receptors-1, -2, and -3, that are structurally related to the PDGF family of class III receptors, characterized by cytoplasmic regions with an insert sequence within the catalytic domain, a single transmembrane domain, and seven immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains. Monomeric vascular endothelial growth factor receptors have 100-fold-less affinity for VEGF, and thus, ligands preferentially bind to predimerized receptors. Upon ligand binding, the receptors auto- or trans-phosphorylate specific cytoplasmic tyrosine residues to initiate an intracellular cascade of signaling that ultimately reaches nuclear transcription factor effectors (Zachary and Gliki, Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 49, 568-581).

[0005] Most biological functions of VEGF are mediated through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, and the role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is currently less well understood (Zachary and Gliki, Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 49, 568-581).

[0006] Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (also known as VEGF receptor-1, VEGFR1, fms-related tyrosine kinase 1, Flt-1, FLT1, oncogene flt, and vascular endothelial growth factor/vascular permeability factor receptor) binds VEGF with highest affinity, but also binds VEGF-B (an alternative splice form of VEGF), and the closely related placenta growth factor (PlGF) with weaker affinities (Shibuya, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 2001, 33, 409-420).

[0007] The human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 gene was originally isolated from a human placenta DNA library (Shibuya et al., Oncogene, 1990, 5, 519-524) and its physical map location was confirmed when a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) from human chromosomal band 13q12, bearing the closely linked FLT1 and FLT3 genes, was isolated and characterized (Imbert et al., Cytogenet. Cell. Genet., 1994, 67, 175-177).

[0008] Expression of VEGF receptor-1 was once believed to restricted to proliferating endothelial cells, but expression of both VEGF receptor-1 and VEGF receptor-2 has been demonstrated more recently in atherosclerotic lesions and in several non-endothelial tumor cell types (Epstein et al., Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 49, 532-542). For example, co-expression of both receptors with VEGF is found in melanoma cells derived from primary and metastatic lesions (Graeven et al., J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 1999, 125, 621-629).

[0009] Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 was also found to be expressed in human peripheral blood monocytes and stimulates tissue factor production and chemotaxis, mediating monocyte recruitment and procoagulant activity (Clauss et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1996, 271, 17629-17634). Expression of both VEGF-B and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is significantly upregulated renal clear cell carcinomas (Gunningham et al., Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 3206-3211), and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is also significantly higher in breast carcinoma as compared to normal breast (Gunningham et al., J. Pathol., 2001, 193, 325-332).

[0010] Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is the most common tumor associated with HIV-1 infection, developing in nearly 30% of all cases. Characteristics of these KS tumors are abnormal vascularization and the proliferation of endothelial cells and spindle (tumor) cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is expressed at high levels in AIDS-KS cell lines, while normal skin cells from the same patients did not express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, suggesting that vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 plays a role in the development and progression of KS (Masood et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A., 1997, 94, 979-984).

[0011] Domain deletion studies of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 have been performed, and it was determined that only two of the immunoglobulin-like extracellular domains of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 are necessary and sufficient for binding VEGF with near-native affinity. The crystal structure of a complex between domain 2 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and VEGF has been determined at 1.7-angstrom resolution (Wiesmann et al., Cell, 1997, 91, 695-704).

[0012] Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 has a dual function in angiogenesis, acting as a positive or negative regulatory factor in different biological conditions. Under pathological conditions, such as when tumor-forming murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells overexpressing placenta growth factor-2 (a ligand specific for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1) are injected into mice, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 acts as a positive signal transducer and angiogenesis is induced, stimulating tumor growth. When the same LLC cells are overexpressing VEGF and are injected into mice, there is no increase in tumor growth rate (Hiratsuka et al., Cancer Res., 2001, 61, 1207-1213).

[0013] Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 can also act as a negative regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Differential splicing of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 transcript results in a full-length receptor and a naturally occurring, soluble form of the extracellular domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1 or sFLT-1). This sFLT-1 isoform can form heterodimers with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Kendall et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1996, 226, 324-328), and when overexpressed, sFLT-1 but not an artificial, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, can act as a receptor antagonist and inhibit VEGF-induced cell proliferation and migration of human microvascular endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by forming and inactive complex with VEGF and with full length vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Roeckl et al., Exp. Cell Res., 1998, 241, 161-170; Zachary and Gliki, Cardiovasc. Res., 2001, 49, 568-581). By influencing the availability of VEGF and placental growth factor-2, sFLT-1 acts as an antagonist to VEGF action and is believed to play a pivotal role in generation of placental vascular diseases like pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation (Hornig et al., Lab. Invest., 2000, 80, 443-454).

[0014] Because sFLT-1 has a strong affinity for VEGF, it has also been tested as a VEGF-blocking reagent in experimental animal models for carcinogenesis and shown to be effective in the suppression of solid tumor growth (Goldman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A., 1998, 95, 8795-8800).

[0015] Disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,484 are naturally occurring or recombinantly engineered soluble VEGF receptor-related inhibitor proteins comprising truncated and modified forms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 as well as a composition comprising said inhibitors and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (Kendall and Thomas, 1999).

[0016] Disclosed and claimed in PCT Publication WO 00/75319 are nucleic acid constructs encoding chimeric fusions of VEGF receptor-1 and VEGF receptor-2 polypeptide sequences, having improved pharmacokinetic properties, as well as methods of making and using said chimeric polypeptides to decrease or inhibit plasma leakage and/or vascular permeability in a mammal (Papadopoulos. Nicholas et al., 2000).

[0017] Disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,880 is a recombinant DNA construct for the prophylaxis or therapy of tumor diseases, which comprises an activator sequence, a cell cycle regulated promoter module, and a DNA sequence encoding an anti-tumor substance, wherein the activator sequence is a promoter for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (Sedlacek et al., 1998).

[0018] Mouse embryos deficient in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 possess mature, differentiated endothelial cells, but assemble these cells into large, abnormal, disorganized vascular channels, and die in utero at mid-somite stages (Fong et al., Nature, 1995, 376, 66-70). It was later determined that the primary defect in these vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 null mice was an increase in the number of hemangioblasts (endothelial progenitor cells), due to an alteration in cell fate determination among mesenchymal cells, and the formation of disorganized vascular channels was a secondary phenotype resulting from overcrowding of the endothelial cell population. Thus, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 regulates commitment to the hemangioblast cell fate during development (Fong et al., Development, 1999, 126, 3015-3025).

[0019] The modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 activity and/or expression is an ideal target for therapeutic intervention aimed at regulating the VEGF signaling pathway in the prevention and treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, ocular neovascular disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.

[0020] In addition to its mitogenic effects, VEGF has been observed in increased levels in the brain after an ischemic event, and is predicted to have a neuroprotective effect against glutamate toxicity. When an antisense oligonucleotide targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 was used to inhibit its expression in hippocampal neurons, it was concluded that there are two independent anti-apoptotic pathways in adult brain mediated by VEGF receptors-1 and -2, but that the neuroprotective effect is not mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (Matsuzaki et al., Faseb J., 2001, 12, 12).

[0021] Two phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides, both 18 nucleotides in length, complementary to bovine vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, were used to inhibit gene expression and show that the mitogenic, chemotatic, and platelet activating factor-stimulating activities of VEGF on bovine aortic endothelial cells were not dependent on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 but required the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Bernatchez et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1999, 274, 31047-31054).

[0022] Capillaries are composed of endothelial cells and pericytes, with the latter cell type encircling the former. Hypoxia, the principal cause of angiogenesis in adult tissues, induces the proliferation of both pericytes and endothelial cells. A phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide, 17 nucleotides in length, complementary to human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and spanning a region from 7 bases upstream to 10 bases downstream of the translation initiation codon, was used to inhibit expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and show that the hypoxia-induced stimulation of pericyte growth is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (Yamagishi et al., Lab. Invest., 1999, 79, 501-509).

[0023] Disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,916,763 are nucleic acid sequences for a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 promoter, expression vectors and recombinant host cells containing this promoter and an antisense RNA corresponding to a gene encoding a VEGF receptor, as well as methods for screening drugs that regulate the transcriptional activity of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 promoter and methods for endothelial-specific gene expression and treatment of disease, particularly by inhibiting angiogenesis (Williams and Morishita, 1999).

[0024] Disclosed and claimed in PCT Publication WO 98/07851 are nucleic acid molecules substantially free of natural contaminants wherein the sequences are homologous to the antisense strand of the non-translated 3′ end of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 gene, and the molecules are designed to prevent the activity of the promoter elements in the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 gene (Bergmann and Preddie, 1998).

[0025] Investigative strategies aimed at studying vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 localization and function have involved the use of specific antibodies directed against a peptide fragment from the extracellular domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, as well as the use of antisense oligonucleotides, transgenic animals, soluble and truncated forms of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, and chimeric fusion proteins.

[0026] Currently, there are no known therapeutic agents that effectively inhibit the synthesis and/or function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Consequently, there remains a long felt need for agents capable of effectively inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 function.

[0027] Antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of specific gene products and therefore may prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression.

[0028] The present invention provides compositions and methods for modulating vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression, including modulation of the alternatively spliced sFLT-1 isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0029] The present invention is directed to compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, which are targeted to a nucleic acid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, and which modulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. Pharmaceutical and other compositions comprising the compounds of the invention are also provided. Further provided are methods of modulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues with one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention. Further provided are methods of treating an animal, particularly a human, suspected of having or being prone to a disease or condition associated with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 by administering a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of one or more of the antisense compounds or compositions of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0030] The present invention employs oligomeric compounds, particularly antisense oligonucleotides, for use in modulating the function of nucleic acid molecules encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, ultimately modulating the amount of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 produced. This is accomplished by providing antisense compounds which specifically hybridize with one or more nucleic acids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. As used herein, the terms “target nucleic acid” and “nucleic acid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1” encompass DNA encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, RNA (including pre-mRNA and mRNA) transcribed from such DNA, and also cDNA derived from such RNA. The specific hybridization of an oligomeric compound with its target nucleic acid interferes with the normal function of the nucleic acid. This modulation of function of a target nucleic acid by compounds which specifically hybridize to it is generally referred to as “antisense”. The functions of DNA to be interfered with include replication and transcription. The functions of RNA to be interfered with include all vital functions such as, for example, translocation of the RNA to the site of protein translation, translation of protein from the RNA, splicing of the RNA to yield one or more mRNA species, and catalytic activity which may be engaged in or facilitated by the RNA. The overall effect of such interference with target nucleic acid function is modulation of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. In the context of the present invention, “modulation” means either an increase (stimulation) or a decrease (inhibition) in the expression of a gene. In the context of the present invention, inhibition is the preferred form of modulation of gene expression and mRNA is a preferred target.

[0031] It is preferred to target specific nucleic acids for antisense. “Targeting” an antisense compound to a particular nucleic acid, in the context of this invention, is a multistep process. The process usually begins with the identification of a nucleic acid sequence whose function is to be modulated. This may be, for example, a cellular gene (or mRNA transcribed from the gene) whose expression is associated with a particular disorder or disease state, or a nucleic acid molecule from an infectious agent. In the present invention, the target is a nucleic acid molecule encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1. The targeting process also includes determination of a site or sites within this gene for the antisense interaction to occur such that the desired effect, e.g., detection or modulation of expression of the protein, will result. Within the context of the present invention, a preferred intragenic site is the region encompassing the translation initiation or termination codon of the open reading frame (ORF) of the gene. Since, as is known in the art, the translation initiation codon is typically 5′-AUG (in transcribed mRNA molecules; 5′-ATG in the corresponding DNA molecule), the translation initiation codon is also referred to as the “AUG codon,” the “start codon” or the “AUG start codon”. A minority of genes have a translation initiation codon having the RNA sequence 5′-GUG, 5′-UUG or 5′-CUG, and 5′-AUA, 5′-ACG and 5′-CUG have been shown to function in vivo. Thus, the terms “translation initiation codon” and “start codon” can encompass many codon sequences, even though the initiator amino acid in each instance is typically methionine (in eukaryotes) or formylmethionine (in prokaryotes). It is also known in the art that eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes may have two or more alternative start codons, any one of which may be preferentially utilized for translation initiation in a particular cell type or tissue, or under a particular set of conditions. In the context of the invention, “start codon” and “translation initiation codon” refer to the codon or codons that are used in vivo to initiate translation of an mRNA molecule transcribed from a gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, regardless of the sequence(s) of such codons.

[0032] It is also known in the art that a translation termination codon (or “stop codon”) of a gene may have one of three sequences, i.e., 5′-UAA, 5′-UAG and 5′-UGA (the corresponding DNA sequences are 5′-TAA, 5′-TAG and 5′-TGA, respectively). The terms “start codon region” and “translation initiation codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation initiation codon. Similarly, the terms “stop codon region” and “translation termination codon region” refer to a portion of such an mRNA or gene that encompasses from about 25 to about 50 contiguous nucleotides in either direction (i.e., 5′ or 3′) from a translation termination codon.

[0033] The open reading frame (ORF) or “coding region,” which is known in the art to refer to the region between the translation initiation codon and the translation termination codon, is also a region which may be targeted effectively. Other target regions include the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 5′ direction from the translation initiation codon, and thus including nucleotides between the 5′ cap site and the translation initiation codon of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene, and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), known in the art to refer to the portion of an mRNA in the 3′ direction from the translation termination codon, and thus including nucleotides between the translation termination codon and 3′ end of an mRNA or corresponding nucleotides on the gene. The 5′ cap of an mRNA comprises an N7-methylated guanosine residue joined to the 5′-most residue of the mRNA via a 5′-5′ triphosphate linkage. The 5′ cap region of an mRNA is considered to include the 5′ cap structure itself as well as the first 50 nucleotides adjacent to the cap. The 5′ cap region may also be a preferred target region.

[0034] Although some eukaryotic mRNA transcripts are directly translated, many contain one or more regions, known as “introns,” which are excised from a transcript before it is translated. The remaining (and therefore translated) regions are known as “exons” and are spliced together to form a continuous mRNA sequence. mRNA splice sites, i.e., intron-exon junctions, may also be preferred target regions, and are particularly useful in situations where aberrant splicing is implicated in disease, or where an overproduction of a particular mRNA splice product is implicated in disease. Aberrant fusion junctions due to rearrangements or deletions are also preferred targets. It has also been found that introns can also be effective, and therefore preferred, target regions for antisense compounds targeted, for example, to DNA or pre-mRNA.

[0035] Once one or more target sites have been identified, oligonucleotides are chosen which are sufficiently complementary to the target, i.e., hybridize sufficiently well and with sufficient specificity, to give the desired effect.

[0036] In the context of this invention, “hybridization” means hydrogen bonding, which may be Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen or reversed Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, between complementary nucleoside or nucleotide bases. For example, adenine and thymine are complementary nucleobases which pair through the formation of hydrogen bonds. “Complementary,” as used herein, refers to the capacity for precise pairing between two nucleotides. For example, if a nucleotide at a certain position of an oligonucleotide is capable of hydrogen bonding with a nucleotide at the same position of a DNA or RNA molecule, then the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are considered to be complementary to each other at that position. The oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA are complementary to each other when a sufficient number of corresponding positions in each molecule are occupied by nucleotides which can hydrogen bond with each other. Thus, “specifically hybridizable” and “complementary” are terms which are used to indicate a sufficient degree of complementarity or precise pairing such that stable and specific binding occurs between the oligonucleotide and the DNA or RNA target. It is understood in the art that the sequence of an antisense compound need not be 100% complementary to that of its target nucleic acid to be specifically hybridizable. An antisense compound is specifically hybridizable when binding of the compound to the target DNA or RNA molecule interferes with the normal function of the target DNA or RNA to cause a loss of utility, and there is a sufficient degree of complementarity to avoid non-specific binding of the antisense compound to non-target sequences under conditions in which specific binding is desired, i.e., under physiological conditions in the case of in vivo assays or therapeutic treatment, and in the case of in vitro assays, under conditions in which the assays are performed.

[0037] Antisense and other compounds of the invention which hybridize to the target and inhibit expression of the target are identified through experimentation, and the sequences of these compounds are hereinbelow identified as preferred embodiments of the invention. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are hereinbelow referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting. Therefore another embodiment of the invention encompasses compounds which hybridize to these active sites.

[0038] Antisense compounds are commonly used as research reagents and diagnostics. For example, antisense oligonucleotides, which are able to inhibit gene expression with exquisite specificity, are often used by those of ordinary skill to elucidate the function of particular genes. Antisense compounds are also used, for example, to distinguish between functions of various members of a biological pathway. Antisense modulation has, therefore, been harnessed for research use.

[0039] For use in kits and diagnostics, the antisense compounds of the present invention, either alone or in combination with other antisense compounds or therapeutics, can be used as tools in differential and/or combinatorial analyses to elucidate expression patterns of a portion or the entire complement of genes expressed within cells and tissues.

[0040] Expression patterns within cells or tissues treated with one or more antisense compounds are compared to control cells or tissues not treated with antisense compounds and the patterns produced are analyzed for differential levels of gene expression as they pertain, for example, to disease association, signaling pathway, cellular localization, expression level, size, structure or function of the genes examined. These analyses can be performed on stimulated or unstimulated cells and in the presence or absence of other compounds which affect expression patterns.

[0041] Examples of methods of gene expression analysis known in the art include DNA arrays or microarrays (Brazma and Vilo, FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 17-24; Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16), SAGE (serial analysis of gene expression)(Madden, et al., Drug Discov. Today, 2000, 5, 415-425), READS (restriction enzyme amplification of digested cDNAs) (Prashar and Weissman, Methods Enzymol., 1999, 303, 258-72), TOGA (total gene expression analysis) (Sutcliffe, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A., 2000, 97, 1976-81), protein arrays and proteomics (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Jungblut, et al., Electrophoresis, 1999, 20, 2100-10), expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing (Celis, et al., FEBS Lett., 2000, 480, 2-16; Larsson, et al., J. Biotechnol., 2000, 80, 143-57), subtractive RNA fingerprinting (SuRF) (Fuchs, et al., Anal. Biochem., 2000, 286, 91-98; Larson, et al., Cytometry, 2000, 41, 203-208), subtractive cloning, differential display (DD) (Jurecic and Belmont, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 2000, 3, 316-21), comparative genomic hybridization (Carulli, et al., J. Cell Biochem. Suppl., 1998, 31, 286-96), FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) techniques (Going and Gusterson, Eur. J. Cancer, 1999, 35, 1895-904) and mass spectrometry methods (reviewed in (To, Comb. Chem. High Throughput Screen, 2000, 3, 235-41).

[0042] The specificity and sensitivity of antisense is also harnessed by those of skill in the art for therapeutic uses. Antisense oligonucleotides have been employed as therapeutic moieties in the treatment of disease states in animals and man. Antisense oligonucleotide drugs, including ribozymes, have been safely and effectively administered to humans and numerous clinical trials are presently underway. It is thus established that oligonucleotides can be useful therapeutic modalities that can be configured to be useful in treatment regimes for treatment of cells, tissues and animals, especially humans.

[0043] In the context of this invention, the term “oligonucleotide” refers to an oligomer or polymer of ribonucleic acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or mimetics thereof. This term includes oligonucleotides composed of naturally-occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly. Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic acid target and increased stability in the presence of nucleases.

[0044] While antisense oligonucleotides are a preferred form of antisense compound, the present invention comprehends other oligomeric antisense compounds, including but not limited to oligonucleotide mimetics such as are described below. The antisense compounds in accordance with this invention preferably comprise from about 8 to about 50 nucleobases (i.e. from about 8 to about 50 linked nucleosides). Particularly preferred antisense compounds are antisense oligonucleotides, even more preferably those comprising from about 12 to about 30 nucleobases. Antisense compounds include ribozymes, external guide sequence (EGS) oligonucleotides (oligozymes), and other short catalytic RNAs or catalytic oligonucleotides which hybridize to the target nucleic acid and modulate its expression.

[0045] As is known in the art, a nucleoside is a base-sugar combination. The base portion of the nucleoside is normally a heterocyclic base. The two most common classes of such heterocyclic bases are the purines and the pyrimidines. Nucleotides are nucleosides that further include a phosphate group covalently linked to the sugar portion of the nucleoside. For those nucleosides that include a pentofuranosyl sugar, the phosphate group can be linked to either the 2′, 3′ or 5′ hydroxyl moiety of the sugar. In forming oligonucleotides, the phosphate groups covalently link adjacent nucleosides to one another to form a linear polymeric compound. In turn the respective ends of this linear polymeric structure can be further joined to form a circular structure, however, open linear structures are generally preferred. Within the oligonucleotide structure, the phosphate groups are commonly referred to as forming the internucleoside backbone of the oligonucleotide. The normal linkage or backbone of RNA and DNA is a 3′ to 5′ phosphodiester linkage.

[0046] Specific examples of preferred antisense compounds useful in this invention include oligonucleotides containing modified backbones or non-natural internucleoside linkages. As defined in this specification, oligonucleotides having modified backbones include those that retain a phosphorus atom in the backbone and those that do not have a phosphorus atom in the backbone. For the purposes of this specification, and as sometimes referenced in the art, modified oligonucleotides that do not have a phosphorus atom in their internucleoside backbone can also be considered to be oligonucleosides.

[0047] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones include, for example, phosphorothioates, chiral phosphorothioates, phosphorodithioates, phosphotriesters, aminoalkyl-phosphotriesters, methyl and other alkyl phosphonates including 3′-alkylene phosphonates, 5′-alkylene phosphonates and chiral phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphoramidates including 3′-amino phosphoramidate and aminoalkylphosphoramidates, thionophosphoramidates, thionoalkylphosphonates, thionoalkylphosphotriesters, selenophosphates and boranophosphates having normal 3′-5′ linkages, 2′-5′ linked analogs of these, and those having inverted polarity wherein one or more internucleotide linkages is a 3′ to 3′, 5′ to 5′ or 2′ to 2′ linkage. Preferred oligonucleotides having inverted polarity comprise a single 3′ to 3′ linkage at the 3′-most internucleotide linkage i.e. a single inverted nucleoside residue which may be abasic (the nucleobase is missing or has a hydroxyl group in place thereof). Various salts, mixed salts and free acid forms are also included.

[0048] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above phosphorus-containing linkages include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,687,808; 4,469,863; 4,476,301; 5,023,243; 5,177,196; 5,188,897; 5,264,423; 5,276,019; 5,278,302; 5,286,717; 5,321,131; 5,399,676; 5,405,939; 5,453,496; 5,455,233; 5,466,677; 5,476,925; 5,519,126; 5,536,821; 5,541,306; 5,550,111; 5,563,253; 5,571,799; 5,587,361; 5,194,599; 5,565,555; 5,527,899; 5,721,218; 5,672,697 and 5,625,050, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0049] Preferred modified oligonucleotide backbones that do not include a phosphorus atom therein have backbones that are formed by short chain alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, mixed heteroatom and alkyl or cycloalkyl internucleoside linkages, or one or more short chain heteroatomic or heterocyclic internucleoside linkages. These include those having morpholino linkages (formed in part from the sugar portion of a nucleoside); siloxane backbones; sulfide, sulfoxide and sulfone backbones; formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; methylene formacetyl and thioformacetyl backbones; riboacetyl backbones; alkene containing backbones; sulfamate backbones; methyleneimino and methylenehydrazino backbones; sulfonate and sulfonamide backbones; amide backbones; and others having mixed N, O, S and CH₂ component parts.

[0050] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of the above oligonucleosides include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,034,506; 5,166,315; 5,185,444; 5,214,134; 5,216,141; 5,235,033; 5,264,562; 5,264,564; 5,405,938; 5,434,257; 5,466,677; 5,470,967; 5,489,677; 5,541,307; 5,561,225; 5,596,086; 5,602,240; 5,610,289; 5,602,240; 5,608,046; 5,610,289; 5,618,704; 5,623,070; 5,663,312; 5,633,360; 5,677,437; 5,792,608; 5,646,269 and 5,677,439, certain of which are commonly owned with this application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0051] In other preferred oligonucleotide mimetics, both the sugar and the internucleoside linkage, i.e., the backbone, of the nucleotide units are replaced with novel groups. The base units are maintained for hybridization with an appropriate nucleic acid target compound. One such oligomeric compound, an oligonucleotide mimetic that has been shown to have excellent hybridization properties, is referred to as a peptide nucleic acid (PNA). In PNA compounds, the sugar-backbone of an oligonucleotide is replaced with an amide containing backbone, in particular an aminoethylglycine backbone. The nucleobases are retained and are bound directly or indirectly to aza nitrogen atoms of the amide portion of the backbone. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of PNA compounds include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082; 5,714,331; and 5,719,262, each of which is herein incorporated by reference. Further teaching of PNA compounds can be found in Nielsen et al., Science, 1991, 254, 1497-1500.

[0052] Most preferred embodiments of the invention are oligonucleotides with phosphorothioate backbones and oligonucleosides with heteroatom backbones, and in particular —CH₂—NH—O—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—O—CH₂— [known as a methylene (methylimino) or MMI backbone], —CH₂—O—N(CH₃)—CH₂—, —CH₂—N(CH₃)—N(CH₃)—CH₂— and —O—N(CH₃)—CH₂-CH₂— [wherein the native phosphodiester backbone is represented as —O—P—O—CH₂—] of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,677, and the amide backbones of the above referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,240. Also preferred are oligonucleotides having morpholino backbone structures of the above-referenced U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,506.

[0053] Modified oligonucleotides may also contain one or more substituted sugar moieties. Preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: OH; F; O-, S-, or N-alkyl; O-, S-, or N-alkenyl; O-, S- or N-alkynyl; or O-alkyl-O-alkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl may be substituted or unsubstituted C₁ to C₁₀ alkyl or C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl and alkynyl. Particularly preferred are O[CH₂)_(n)O]_(m)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)OCH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)NH₂, O(CH₂)_(n)CH₃, O(CH₂)_(n)ONH₂, and O(CH₂)ON[(CH₂)_(n)CH₃)]₂, where n and m are from 1 to about 10. Other preferred oligonucleotides comprise one of the following at the 2′ position: C₁ to C₁₀ lower alkyl, substituted lower alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aralkyl, O-alkaryl or O-aralkyl, SH, SCH₃, OCN, Cl, Br, CN, CF₃, OCF₃, SOCH₃, SO₂CH₃, ONO₂, NO₂, N₃, NH₂, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkaryl, aminoalkylamino, polyalkylamino, substituted silyl, an RNA cleaving group, a reporter group, an intercalator, a group for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of an oligonucleotide, or a group for improving the pharmacodynamic properties of an oligonucleotide, and other substituents having similar properties. A preferred modification includes 2′-methoxyethoxy (2′—O—CH₂CH₂OCH₃, also known as 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) or 2′-MOE) (Martin et al., Helv. Chim. Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504) i.e., an alkoxyalkoxy group. A further preferred modification includes 2′-dimethylaminooxyethoxy, i.e., a O(CH₂)₂ON(CH₃)₂ group, also known as 2′-DMAOE, as described in examples hereinbelow, and 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl or 2′-DMAEOE), i.e., 2′-O-CH₂—O—CH₂-N(CH₂)₂, also described in examples hereinbelow.

[0054] A further prefered modification includes Locked Nucleic Acids (LNAs) in which the 2′-hydroxyl group is linked to the 3′ or 4′ carbon atom of the sugar ring thereby forming a bicyclic sugar moiety. The linkage is preferably a methelyne (—CH₂—)_(n) group bridging the 2′ oxygen atom and the 4′ carbon atom wherein n is 1 or 2. LNAs and preparation thereof are described in WO 98/39352 and WO 99/14226.

[0055] Other preferred modifications include 2′-methoxy (2′—O—CH₃), 2′-aminopropoxy (2′—OCH₂CH₂CH₂NH₂), 2′-allyl (2′—CH₂—CH═CH₂), 2′-O-allyl (2′—O—CH₂-CH═CH₂) and 2′-fluoro (2′—F).

[0056] The 2′-modification may be in the arabino (up) position or ribo (down) position. A preferred 2′-arabino modification is 2′-F. Similar modifications may also be made at other positions on the oligonucleotide, particularly the 3′ position of the sugar on the 3′ terminal nucleotide or in 2′-5′ linked oligonucleotides and the 5′ position of 5′ terminal nucleotide. Oligonucleotides may also have sugar mimetics such as cyclobutyl moieties in place of the pentofuranosyl sugar. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such modified sugar structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,981,957; 5,118,800; 5,319,080; 5,359,044; 5,393,878; 5,446,137; 5,466,786; 5,514,785; 5,519,134; 5,567,811; 5,576,427; 5,591,722; 5,597,909; 5,610,300; 5,627,053; 5,639,873; 5,646,265; 5,658,873; 5,670,633; 5,792,747; and 5,700,920, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0057] Oligonucleotides may also include nucleobase (often referred to in the art simply as “base”) modifications or substitutions. As used herein, “unmodified” or “natural” nucleobases include the purine bases adenine (A) and guanine (G), and the pyrimidine bases thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U). Modified nucleobases include other synthetic and natural nucleobases such as 5-methylcytosine (5-me-C), 5-hydroxymethyl cytosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-thiouracil, 2-thiothymine and 2-thiocytosine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl (—C≡C—CH₃) uracil and cytosine and other alkynyl derivatives of pyrimidine bases, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 8-halo, 8-amino, 8-thiol, 8-thioalkyl, 8-hydroxyl and other 8-substituted adenines and guanines, 5-halo particularly 5-bromo, 5-trifluoromethyl and other 5-substituted uracils and cytosines, 7-methylguanine and 7-methyladenine, 2-F-adenine, 2-amino-adenine, 8-azaguanine and 8-azaadenine, 7-deazaguanine and 7-deazaadenine and 3-deazaguanine and 3-deazaadenine. Further modified nucleobases include tricyclic pyrimidines such as phenoxazine cytidine(1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), phenothiazine cytidine (1H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzothiazin-2(3H)-one), G-clamps such as a substituted phenoxazine cytidine (e.g. 9-(2-aminoethoxy)-H-pyrimido[5,4-b][1,4]benzoxazin-2(3H)-one), carbazole cytidine (2H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-2-one), pyridoindole cytidine (H-pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-one). Modified nucleobases may also include those in which the purine or pyrimidine base is replaced with other heterocycles, for example 7-deaza-adenine, 7-deazaguanosine, 2-aminopyridine and 2-pyridone. Further nucleobases include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, those disclosed in The Concise Encyclopedia Of Polymer Science And Engineering, pages 858-859, Kroschwitz, J. I., ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1990, those disclosed by Englisch et al., Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 1991, 30, 613, and those disclosed by Sanghvi, Y. S., Chapter 15, Antisense Research and Applications, pages 289-302, Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B. ed., CRC Press, 1993. Certain of these nucleobases are particularly useful for increasing the binding affinity of the oligomeric compounds of the invention. These include 5-substituted pyrimidines, 6-azapyrimidines and N-2, N-6 and O-6 substituted purines, including 2-aminopropyladenine, 5-propynyluracil and 5-propynylcytosine. 5-methylcytosine substitutions have been shown to increase nucleic acid duplex stability by 0.6-1.2° C. (Sanghvi, Y. S., Crooke, S. T. and Lebleu, B., eds., Antisense Research and Applications, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993, pp. 276-278) and are presently preferred base substitutions, even more particularly when combined with 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar modifications.

[0058] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of certain of the above noted modified nucleobases as well as other modified nucleobases include, but are not limited to, the above noted U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,808, as well as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,845,205; 5,130,302; 5,134,066; 5,175,273; 5,367,066; 5,432,272; 5,457,187; 5,459,255; 5,484,908; 5,502,177; 5,525,711; 5,552,540; 5,587,469; 5,594,121, 5,596,091; 5,614,617; 5,645,985; 5,830,653; 5,763,588; 6,005,096; and 5,681,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,692, which is commonly owned with the instant application and also herein incorporated by reference.

[0059] Another modification of the oligonucleotides of the invention involves chemically linking to the oligonucleotide one or more moieties or conjugates which enhance the activity, cellular distribution or cellular uptake of the oligonucleotide. The compounds of the invention can include conjugate groups covalently bound to functional groups such as primary or secondary hydroxyl groups. Conjugate groups of the invention include inter-calators, reporter molecules, polyamines, polyamides, polyethylene glycols, polyethers, groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties of oligomers, and groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties of oligomers. Typical conjugates groups include cholesterols, lipids, phospholipids, biotin, phenazine, folate, phenanthridine, anthraquinone, acridine, fluoresceins, rhodamines, coumarins, and dyes. Groups that enhance the pharmacodynamic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, enhance oligomer resistance to degradation, and/or strengthen sequence-specific hybridization with RNA. Groups that enhance the pharmacokinetic properties, in the context of this invention, include groups that improve oligomer uptake, distribution, metabolism or excretion. Representative conjugate groups are disclosed in International Patent Application PCT/US92/09196, filed Oct. 23, 1992 the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Conjugate moieties include but are not limited to lipid moieties such as a cholesterol moiety (Letsinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1989, 86, 6553-6556), cholic acid (Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1994, 4, 1053-1060), a thioether, e.g., hexyl-S-tritylthiol (Manoharan et al., Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1992, 660, 306-309; Manoharan et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let., 1993, 3, 2765-2770), a thiocholesterol (Oberhauser et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 533-538), an aliphatic chain, e.g., dodecandiol or undecyl residues (Saison-Behmoaras et al., EMBO J., 1991, 10, 1111-1118; Kabanov et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 259, 327-330; Svinarchuk et al., Biochimie, 1993, 75, 49-54), a phospholipid, e.g., di-hexadecyl-rac-glycerol or triethylammonium 1,2-di-O-hexadecyl-rac-glycero-3-H-phosphonate (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654; Shea et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1990, 18, 3777-3783), a polyamine or a polyethylene glycol chain (Manoharan et al., Nucleosides & Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 969-973), or adamantane acetic acid (Manoharan et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 3651-3654), a palmityl moiety (Mishra et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1995, 1264, 229-237), or an octadecylamine or hexylamino-carbonyl-oxycholesterol moiety (Crooke et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 277, 923-937. Oligonucleotides of the invention may also be conjugated to active drug substances, for example, aspirin, warfarin, phenylbutazone, ibuprofen, suprofen, fenbufen, ketoprofen, (S)-(+)-pranoprofen, carprofen, dansylsarcosine, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, flufenamic acid, folinic acid, a benzothiadiazide, chlorothiazide, a diazepine, indomethicin, a barbiturate, a cephalosporin, a sulfa drug, an antidiabetic, an antibacterial or an antibiotic. Oligonucleotide-drug conjugates and their preparation are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/334,130 (filed Jun. 15, 1999) which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0060] Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such oligonucleotide conjugates include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,828,979; 4,948,882; 5,218,105; 5,525,465; 5,541,313; 5,545,730; 5,552,538; 5,578,717, 5,580,731; 5,580,731; 5,591,584; 5,109,124; 5,118,802; 5,138,045; 5,414,077; 5,486,603; 5,512,439; 5,578,718; 5,608,046; 4,587,044; 4,605,735; 4,667,025; 4,762,779; 4,789,737; 4,824,941; 4,835,263; 4,876,335; 4,904,582; 4,958,013; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,082,830; 5,112,963; 5,214,136; 5,245,022; 5,254,469; 5,258,506; 5,262,536; 5,272,250; 5,292,873; 5,317,098; 5,371,241, 5,391,723; 5,416,203, 5,451,463; 5,510,475; 5,512,667; 5,514,785; 5,565,552; 5,567,810; 5,574,142; 5,585,481; 5,587,371; 5,595,726; 5,597,696; 5,599,923; 5,599,928 and 5,688,941, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0061] It is not necessary for all positions in a given compound to be uniformly modified, and in fact more than one of the aforementioned modifications may be incorporated in a single compound or even at a single nucleoside within an oligonucleotide. The present invention also includes antisense compounds which are chimeric compounds. “Chimeric” antisense compounds or “chimeras,” in the context of this invention, are antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, which contain two or more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one monomer unit, i.e., a nucleotide in the case of an oligonucleotide compound. These oligonucleotides typically contain at least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to confer upon the oligonucleotide increased resistance to nuclease degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding affinity for the target nucleic acid. An additional region of the oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids. By way of example, RNase H is a cellular endonuclease which cleaves the RNA strand of an RNA:DNA duplex. Activation of RNase H, therefore, results in cleavage of the RNA target, thereby greatly enhancing the efficiency of oligonucleotide inhibition of gene expression. Consequently, comparable results can often be obtained with shorter oligonucleotides when chimeric oligonucleotides are used, compared to phosphorothioate deoxyoligonucleotides hybridizing to the same target region. Cleavage of the RNA target can be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary, associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the art.

[0062] Chimeric antisense compounds of the invention may be formed as composite structures of two or more oligonucleotides, modified oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides and/or oligonucleotide mimetics as described above. Such compounds have also been referred to in the art as hybrids or gapmers. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such hybrid structures include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797; 5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350; 5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922, certain of which are commonly owned with the instant application, and each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0063] The antisense compounds used in accordance with this invention may be conveniently and routinely made through the well-known technique of solid phase synthesis. Equipment for such synthesis is sold by several vendors including, for example, Applied Biosystems (Foster City, Calif.). Any other means for such synthesis known in the art may additionally or alternatively be employed. It is well known to use similar techniques to prepare oligonucleotides such as the phosphorothioates and alkylated derivatives.

[0064] The antisense compounds of the invention are synthesized in vitro and do not include antisense compositions of biological origin, or genetic vector constructs designed to direct the in vivo synthesis of antisense molecules.

[0065] The compounds of the invention may also be admixed, encapsulated, conjugated or otherwise associated with other molecules, molecule structures or mixtures of compounds, as for example, liposomes, receptor targeted molecules, oral, rectal, topical or other formulations, for assisting in uptake, distribution and/or absorption. Representative United States patents that teach the preparation of such uptake, distribution and/or absorption assisting formulations include, but are not limited to, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,108,921; 5,354,844; 5,416,016; 5,459,127; 5,521,291; 5,543,158; 5,547,932; 5,583,020; 5,591,721; 4,426,330; 4,534,899; 5,013,556; 5,108,921; 5,213,804; 5,227,170; 5,264,221; 5,356,633; 5,395,619; 5,416,016; 5,417,978; 5,462,854; 5,469,854; 5,512,295; 5,527,528; 5,534,259; 5,543,152; 5,556,948; 5,580,575; and 5,595,756, each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

[0066] The antisense compounds of the invention encompass any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, or salts of such esters, or any other compound which, upon administration to an animal including a human, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) the biologically active metabolite or residue thereof. Accordingly, for example, the disclosure is also drawn to prodrugs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such prodrugs, and other bioequivalents.

[0067] The term “prodrug” indicates a therapeutic agent that is prepared in an inactive form that is converted to an active form (i.e., drug) within the body or cells thereof by the action of endogenous enzymes or other chemicals and/or conditions. In particular, prodrug versions of the oligonucleotides of the invention are prepared as SATE [(S-acetyl-2-thioethyl) phosphate] derivatives according to the methods disclosed in WO 93/24510 to Gosselin et al., published Dec. 9, 1993 or in WO 94/26764 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,713 to Imbach et al.

[0068] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to physiologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention: i.e., salts that retain the desired biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart undesired toxicological effects thereto.

[0069] Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts are formed with metals or amines, such as alkali and alkaline earth metals or organic amines. Examples of metals used as cations are sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and the like. Examples of suitable amines are N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglucamine, and procaine (see, for example, Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. of Pharma Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19). The base addition salts of said acidic compounds are prepared by contacting the free acid form with a sufficient amount of the desired base to produce the salt in the conventional manner. The free acid form may be regenerated by contacting the salt form with an acid and isolating the free acid in the conventional manner. The free acid forms differ from their respective salt forms somewhat in certain physical properties such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to their respective free acid for purposes of the present invention. As used herein, a “pharmaceutical addition salt” includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an acid form of one of the components of the compositions of the invention. These include organic or inorganic acid salts of the amines. Preferred acid salts are the hydrochlorides, acetates, salicylates, nitrates and phosphates. Other suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known to those skilled in the art and include basic salts of a variety of inorganic and organic acids, such as, for example, with inorganic acids, such as for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid; with organic carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfo or phospho acids or N-substituted sulfamic acids, for example acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, methylmaleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid, gluconic acid, glucaric acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, 2-phenoxybenzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, embonic acid, nicotinic acid or isonicotinic acid; and with amino acids, such as the 20 alpha-amino acids involved in the synthesis of proteins in nature, for example glutamic acid or aspartic acid, and also with phenylacetic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbenzenesulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, 2- or 3-phosphoglycerate, glucose-6-phosphate, N-cyclohexylsulfamic acid (with the formation of cyclamates), or with other acid organic compounds, such as ascorbic acid. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds may also be prepared with a pharmaceutically acceptable cation. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable cations are well known to those skilled in the art and include alkaline, alkaline earth, ammonium and quaternary ammonium cations. Carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are also possible.

[0070] For oligonucleotides, preferred examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to (a) salts formed with cations such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, magnesium, calcium, polyamines such as spermine and spermidine, etc.; (b) acid addition salts formed with inorganic acids, for example hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid and the like; (c) salts formed with organic acids such as, for example, acetic acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, citric acid, malic acid, ascorbic acid, benzoic acid, tannic acid, palmitic acid, alginic acid, polyglutamic acid, naphthalenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, polygalacturonic acid, and the like; and (d) salts formed from elemental anions such as chlorine, bromine, and iodine.

[0071] The antisense compounds of the present invention can be utilized for diagnostics, therapeutics, prophylaxis and as research reagents and kits. For therapeutics, an animal, preferably a human, suspected of having a disease or disorder which can be treated by modulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-l is treated by administering antisense compounds in accordance with this invention. The compounds of the invention can be utilized in pharmaceutical compositions by adding an effective amount of an antisense compound to a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier. Use of the antisense compounds and methods of the invention may also be useful prophylactically, e.g., to prevent or delay infection, inflammation or tumor formation, for example.

[0072] The antisense compounds of the invention are useful for research and diagnostics, because these compounds hybridize to nucleic acids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, enabling sandwich and other assays to easily be constructed to exploit this fact. Hybridization of the antisense oligonucleotides of the invention with a nucleic acid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 can be detected by means known in the art. Such means may include conjugation of an enzyme to the oligonucleotide, radiolabelling of the oligonucleotide or any other suitable detection means. Kits using such detection means for detecting the level of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in a sample may also be prepared.

[0073] The present invention also includes pharmaceutical compositions and formulations which include the antisense compounds of the invention. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may be administered in a number of ways depending upon whether local or systemic treatment is desired and upon the area to be treated. Administration may be topical (including ophthalmic and to mucous membranes including vaginal and rectal delivery), pulmonary, e.g., by inhalation or insufflation of powders or aerosols, including by nebulizer; intratracheal, intranasal, epidermal and transdermal), oral or parenteral. Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intraarterial, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intramuscular injection or infusion; or intracranial, e.g., intrathecal or intraventricular, administration. Oligonucleotides with at least one 2′-O-methoxyethyl modification are believed to be particularly useful for oral administration.

[0074] Pharmaceutical compositions and formulations for topical administration may include transdermal patches, ointments, lotions, creams, gels, drops, suppositories, sprays, liquids and powders. Conventional pharmaceutical carriers, aqueous, powder or oily bases, thickeners and the like may be necessary or desirable. Coated condoms, gloves and the like may also be useful. Preferred topical formulations include those in which the oligonucleotides of the invention are in admixture with a topical delivery agent such as lipids, liposomes, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, steroids, chelating agents and surfactants. Preferred lipids and liposomes include neutral (e.g. dioleoylphosphatidyl DOPE ethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidyl choline DMPC, distearolyphosphatidyl choline) negative (e.g. dimyristoylphosphatidyl glycerol DMPG) and cationic (e.g. dioleoyltetramethylaminopropyl DOTAP and dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine DOTMA). Oligonucleotides of the invention may be encapsulated within liposomes or may form complexes thereto, in particular to cationic liposomes. Alternatively, oligonucleotides may be complexed to lipids, in particular to cationic lipids. Preferred fatty acids and esters include but are not limited arachidonic acid, oleic acid, eicosanoic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a C₁₋₁₀ alkyl ester (e.g. isopropylmyristate IPM), monoglyceride, diglyceride or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Topical formulations are described in detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/315,298 filed on May 20, 1999 which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0075] Compositions and formulations for oral administration include powders or granules, microparticulates, nanoparticulates, suspensions or solutions in water or non-aqueous media, capsules, gel capsules, sachets, tablets or minitablets. Thickeners, flavoring agents, diluents, emulsifiers, dispersing aids or binders may be desirable. Preferred oral formulations are those in which oligonucleotides of the invention are administered in conjunction with one or more penetration enhancers surfactants and chelators. Preferred surfactants include fatty acids and/or esters or salts thereof, bile acids and/or salts thereof. Prefered bile acids/salts include chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and ursodeoxychenodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), cholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, glucholic acid, glycholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate, sodium glycodihydrofusidate. Prefered fatty acids include arachidonic acid, undecanoic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein, dilaurin, glyceryl 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, an acylcarnitine, an acylcholine, or a monoglyceride, a diglyceride or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g. sodium). Also prefered are combinations of penetration enhancers, for example, fatty acids/salts in combination with bile acids/salts. A particularly prefered combination is the sodium salt of lauric acid, capric acid and UDCA. Further penetration enhancers include polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether. Oligonucleotides of the invention may be delivered orally in granular form including sprayed dried particles, or complexed to form micro or nanoparticles. Oligonucleotide complexing agents include poly-amino acids; polyimines; polyacrylates; polyalkylacrylates, polyoxethanes, polyalkylcyanoacrylates; cationized gelatins, albumins, starches, acrylates, polyethyleneglycols (PEG) and starches; polyalkylcyanoacrylates; DEAE-derivatized polyimines, pollulans, celluloses and starches. Particularly preferred complexing agents include chitosan, N-trimethylchitosan, poly-L-lysine, polyhistidine, polyornithine, polyspermines, protamine, polyvinylpyridine, polythiodiethylamino-methylethylene P (TDAE), polyaminostyrene (e.g. p-amino), poly(methylcyanoacrylate), poly(ethylcyanoacrylate), poly(butylcyanoacrylate), poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate), poly(isohexylcynaoacrylate), DEAE-methacrylate, DEAE-hexylacrylate, DEAE-acrylamide, DEAE-albumin and DEAE-dextran, polymethylacrylate, polyhexylacrylate, poly(D,L-lactic acid), poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), alginate, and polyethyleneglycol (PEG). Oral formulations for oligonucleotides and their preparation are described in detail in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 08/886,829 (filed Jul. 1, 1997), 09/108,673 (filed Jul. 1, 1998), 09/256,515 (filed Feb. 23, 1999), 09/082,624 (filed May 21, 1998) and 09/315,298 (filed May 20, 1999) each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0076] Compositions and formulations for parenteral, intrathecal or intraventricular administration may include sterile aqueous solutions which may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives such as, but not limited to, penetration enhancers, carrier compounds and other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or excipients.

[0077] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to, solutions, emulsions, and liposome-containing formulations. These compositions may be generated from a variety of components that include, but are not limited to, preformed liquids, self-emulsifying solids and self-emulsifying semisolids.

[0078] The pharmaceutical formulations of the present invention, which may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form, may be prepared according to conventional techniques well known in the pharmaceutical industry. Such techniques include the step of bringing into association the active ingredients with the pharmaceutical carrier(s) or excipient(s). In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredients with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0079] The compositions of the present invention may be formulated into any of many possible dosage forms such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gel capsules, liquid syrups, soft gels, suppositories, and enemas. The compositions of the present invention may also be formulated as suspensions in aqueous, non-aqueous or mixed media. Aqueous suspensions may further contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

[0080] In one embodiment of the present invention the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated and used as foams. Pharmaceutical foams include formulations such as, but not limited to, emulsions, microemulsions, creams, jellies and liposomes. While basically similar in nature these formulations vary in the components and the consistency of the final product. The preparation of such compositions and formulations is generally known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical and formulation arts and may be applied to the formulation of the compositions of the present invention.

[0081] Emulsions

[0082] The compositions of the present invention may be prepared and formulated as emulsions. Emulsions are typically heterogenous systems of one liquid dispersed in another in the form of droplets usually exceeding 0.1 μm in diameter. (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199; Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., Volume 1, p. 245; Block in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 2, p. 335; Higuchi et al., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 301). Emulsions are often biphasic systems comprising of two immiscible liquid phases intimately mixed and dispersed with each other. In general, emulsions may be either water-in-oil (w/o) or of the oil-in-water (o/w) variety. When an aqueous phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk oily phase the resulting composition is called a water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Alternatively, when an oily phase is finely divided into and dispersed as minute droplets into a bulk aqueous phase the resulting composition is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. Emulsions may contain additional components in addition to the dispersed phases and the active drug which may be present as a solution in either the aqueous phase, oily phase or itself as a separate phase. Pharmaceutical excipients such as emulsifiers, stabilizers, dyes, and anti-oxidants may also be present in emulsions as needed. Pharmaceutical emulsions may also be multiple emulsions that are comprised of more than two phases such as, for example, in the case of oil-in-water-in-oil (o/w/o) and water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) emulsions. Such complex formulations often provide certain advantages that simple binary emulsions do not. Multiple emulsions in which individual oil droplets of an o/w emulsion enclose small water droplets constitute a w/o/w emulsion. Likewise a system of oil droplets enclosed in globules of water stabilized in an oily continuous provides an o/w/o emulsion.

[0083] Emulsions are characterized by little or no thermodynamic stability. Often, the dispersed or discontinuous phase of the emulsion is well dispersed into the external or continuous phase and maintained in this form through the means of emulsifiers or the viscosity of the formulation. Either of the phases of the emulsion may be a semisolid or a solid, as is the case of emulsion-style ointment bases and creams. Other means of stabilizing emulsions entail the use of emulsifiers that may be incorporated into either phase of the emulsion. Emulsifiers may broadly be classified into four categories: synthetic surfactants, naturally occurring emulsifiers, absorption bases, and finely dispersed solids (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

[0084] Synthetic surfactants, also known as surface active agents, have found wide applicability in the formulation of emulsions and have been reviewed in the literature (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, volume 1, p. 199). Surfactants are typically amphiphilic and comprise a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic portion. The ratio of the hydrophilic to the hydrophobic nature of the surfactant has been termed the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB) and is a valuable tool in categorizing and selecting surfactants in the preparation of formulations. Surfactants may be classified into different classes based on the nature of the hydrophilic group: nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 285).

[0085] Naturally occurring emulsifiers used in emulsion formulations include lanolin, beeswax, phosphatides, lecithin and acacia. Absorption bases possess hydrophilic properties such that they can soak up water to form w/o emulsions yet retain their semisolid consistencies, such as anhydrous lanolin and hydrophilic petrolatum. Finely divided solids have also been used as good emulsifiers especially in combination with surfactants and in viscous preparations. These include polar inorganic solids, such as heavy metal hydroxides, nonswelling clays such as bentonite, attapulgite, hectorite, kaolin, montmorillonite, colloidal aluminum silicate and colloidal magnesium aluminum silicate, pigments and nonpolar solids such as carbon or glyceryl tristearate.

[0086] A large variety of non-emulsifying materials are also included in emulsion formulations and contribute to the properties of emulsions. These include fats, oils, waxes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty esters, humectants, hydrophilic colloids, preservatives and antioxidants (Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199).

[0087] Hydrophilic colloids or hydrocolloids include naturally occurring gums and synthetic polymers such as polysaccharides (for example, acacia, agar, alginic acid, carrageenan, guar gum, karaya gum, and tragacanth), cellulose derivatives (for example, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxypropylcellulose), and synthetic polymers (for example, carbomers, cellulose ethers, and carboxyvinyl polymers). These disperse or swell in water to form colloidal solutions that stabilize emulsions by forming strong interfacial films around the dispersed-phase droplets and by increasing the viscosity of the external phase.

[0088] Since emulsions often contain a number of ingredients such as carbohydrates, proteins, sterols and phosphatides that may readily support the growth of microbes, these formulations often incorporate preservatives. Commonly used preservatives included in emulsion formulations include methyl paraben, propyl paraben, quaternary ammonium salts, benzalkonium chloride, esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and boric acid. Antioxidants are also commonly added to emulsion formulations to prevent deterioration of the formulation. Antioxidants used may be free radical scavengers such as tocopherols, alkyl gallates, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, or reducing agents such as ascorbic acid and sodium metabisulfite, and antioxidant synergists such as citric acid, tartaric acid, and lecithin.

[0089] The application of emulsion formulations via dermatological, oral and parenteral routes and methods for their manufacture have been reviewed in the literature (Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Emulsion formulations for oral delivery have been very widely used because of reasons of ease of formulation, efficacy from an absorption and bioavailability standpoint. (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Idson, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 199). Mineral-oil base laxatives, oil-soluble vitamins and high fat nutritive preparations are among the materials that have commonly been administered orally as o/w emulsions.

[0090] In one embodiment of the present invention, the compositions of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids are formulated as microemulsions. A microemulsion may be defined as a system of water, oil and amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic and thermodynamically stable liquid solution (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Typically microemulsions are systems that are prepared by first dispersing an oil in an aqueous surfactant solution and then adding a sufficient amount of a fourth component, generally an intermediate chain-length alcohol to form a transparent system. Therefore, microemulsions have also been described as thermodynamically stable, isotropically clear dispersions of two immiscible liquids that are stabilized by interfacial films of surface-active molecules (Leung and Shah, in: Controlled Release of Drugs: Polymers and Aggregate Systems, Rosoff, M., Ed., 1989, VCH Publishers, New York, pages 185-215). Microemulsions commonly are prepared via a combination of three to five components that include oil, water, surfactant, cosurfactant and electrolyte. Whether the microemulsion is of the water-in-oil (w/o) or an oil-in-water (o/w) type is dependent on the properties of the oil and surfactant used and on the structure and geometric packing of the polar heads and hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules (Schott, in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1985, p. 271).

[0091] The phenomenological approach utilizing phase diagrams has been extensively studied and has yielded a comprehensive knowledge, to one skilled in the art, of how to formulate microemulsions (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245; Block, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 335). Compared to conventional emulsions, microemulsions offer the advantage of solubilizing water-insoluble drugs in a formulation of thermodynamically stable droplets that are formed spontaneously.

[0092] Surfactants used in the preparation of microemulsions include, but are not limited to, ionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, Brij 96, polyoxyethylene oleyl ethers, polyglycerol fatty acid esters, tetraglycerol monolaurate (ML310), tetraglycerol monooleate (MO310), hexaglycerol monooleate (PO310), hexaglycerol pentaoleate (PO500), decaglycerol monocaprate (MCA750), decaglycerol monooleate (MO750), decaglycerol sequioleate (SO750), decaglycerol decaoleate (DAO750), alone or in combination with cosurfactants. The cosurfactant, usually a short-chain alcohol such-as ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, serves to increase the interfacial fluidity by penetrating into the surfactant film and consequently creating a disordered film because of the void space generated among surfactant molecules. Microemulsions may, however, be prepared without the use of cosurfactants and alcohol-free self-emulsifying microemulsion systems are known in the art. The aqueous phase may typically be, but is not limited to, water, an aqueous solution of the drug, glycerol, PEG300, PEG400, polyglycerols, propylene glycols, and derivatives of ethylene glycol. The oil phase may include, but is not limited to, materials such as Captex 300, Captex 355, Capmul MCM, fatty acid esters, medium chain (C8-C12) mono, di, and tri-glycerides, polyoxyethylated glyceryl fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, polyglycolized glycerides, saturated polyglycolized C8-C10 glycerides, vegetable oils and silicone oil.

[0093] Microemulsions are particularly of interest from the standpoint of drug solubilization and the enhanced absorption of drugs. Lipid based microemulsions (both o/w and w/o) have been proposed to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs, including peptides (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385-1390; Ritschel, Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol., 1993, 13, 205). Microemulsions afford advantages of improved drug solubilization, protection of drug from enzymatic hydrolysis, possible enhancement of drug absorption due to surfactant-induced alterations in membrane fluidity and permeability, ease of preparation, ease of oral administration over solid dosage forms, improved clinical potency, and decreased toxicity (Constantinides et al., Pharmaceutical Research, 1994, 11, 1385; Ho et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1996, 85, 138-143). Often microemulsions may form spontaneously when their components are brought together at ambient temperature. This may be particularly advantageous when formulating thermolabile drugs, peptides or oligonucleotides. Microemulsions have also been effective in the transdermal delivery of active components in both cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. It is expected that the microemulsion compositions and formulations of the present invention will facilitate the increased systemic absorption of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids from the gastrointestinal tract, as well as improve the local cellular uptake of oligonucleotides and nucleic acids within the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, buccal cavity and other areas of administration.

[0094] Microemulsions of the present invention may also contain additional components and additives such as sorbitan monostearate (Grill 3), Labrasol, and penetration enhancers to improve the properties of the formulation and to enhance the absorption of the oligonucleotides and nucleic acids of the present invention. Penetration enhancers used in the microemulsions of the present invention may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories—surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p. 92). Each of these classes has been discussed above.

[0095] Liposomes

[0096] There are many organized surfactant structures besides microemulsions that have been studied and used for the formulation of drugs. These include monolayers, micelles, bilayers and vesicles. Vesicles, such as liposomes, have attracted great interest because of their specificity and the duration of action they offer from the standpoint of drug delivery. As used in the present invention, the term “liposome” means a vesicle composed of amphiphilic lipids arranged in a spherical bilayer or bilayers.

[0097] Liposomes are unilamellar or multilamellar vesicles which have a membrane formed from a lipophilic material and an aqueous interior. The aqueous portion contains the composition to be delivered. Cationic liposomes possess the advantage of being able to fuse to the cell wall. Non-cationic liposomes, although not able to fuse as efficiently with the cell wall, are taken up by macrophages in vivo.

[0098] In order to cross intact mammalian skin, lipid vesicles must pass through a series of fine pores, each with a diameter less than 50 nm, under the influence of a suitable transdermal gradient. Therefore, it is desirable to use a liposome which is highly deformable and able to pass through such fine pores.

[0099] Further advantages of liposomes include; liposomes obtained from natural phospholipids are biocompatible and biodegradable; liposomes can incorporate a wide range of water and lipid soluble drugs; liposomes can protect encapsulated drugs in their internal compartments from metabolism and degradation (Rosoff, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Lieberman, Rieger and Banker (Eds.), 1988, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., volume 1, p. 245). Important considerations in the preparation of liposome formulations are the lipid surface charge, vesicle size and the aqueous volume of the liposomes.

[0100] Liposomes are useful for the transfer and delivery of active ingredients to the site of action. Because the liposomal membrane is structurally similar to biological membranes, when liposomes are applied to a tissue, the liposomes start to merge with the cellular membranes. As the merging of the liposome and cell progresses, the liposomal contents are emptied into the cell where the active agent may act.

[0101] Liposomal formulations have been the focus of extensive investigation as the mode of delivery for many drugs. There is growing evidence that for topical administration, liposomes present several advantages over other formulations. Such advantages include reduced side-effects related to high systemic absorption of the administered drug, increased accumulation of the administered drug at the desired target, and the ability to administer a wide variety of drugs, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic, into the skin.

[0102] Several reports have detailed the ability of liposomes to deliver agents including high-molecular weight DNA into the skin. Compounds including analgesics, antibodies, hormones and high-molecular weight DNAs have been administered to the skin. The majority of applications resulted in the targeting of the upper epidermis.

[0103] Liposomes fall into two broad classes. Cationic liposomes are positively charged liposomes which interact with the negatively charged DNA molecules to form a stable complex. The positively charged DNA/liposome complex binds to the negatively charged cell surface and is internalized in an endosome. Due to the acidic pH within the endosome, the liposomes are ruptured, releasing their contents into the cell cytoplasm (Wang et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1987, 147, 980-985).

[0104] Liposomes which are pH-sensitive or negatively-charged, entrap DNA rather than complex with it. Since both the DNA and the lipid are similarly charged, repulsion rather than complex formation occurs. Nevertheless, some DNA is entrapped within the aqueous interior of these liposomes. pH-sensitive liposomes have been used to deliver DNA encoding the thymidine kinase gene to cell monolayers in culture. Expression of the exogenous gene was detected in the target cells (Zhou et al., Journal of Controlled Release, 1992, 19, 269-274).

[0105] One major type of liposomal composition includes phospholipids other than naturally-derived phosphatidylcholine. Neutral liposome compositions, for example, can be formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC). Anionic liposome compositions generally are formed from dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol, while anionic fusogenic liposomes are formed primarily from dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Another type of liposomal composition is formed from phosphatidylcholine (PC) such as, for example, soybean PC, and egg PC. Another type is formed from mixtures of phospholipid and/or phosphatidylcholine and/or cholesterol.

[0106] Several studies have assessed the topical delivery of liposomal drug formulations to the skin. Application of liposomes containing interferon to guinea pig skin resulted in a reduction of skin herpes sores while delivery of interferon via other means (e.g. as a solution or as an emulsion) were ineffective (Weiner et al., Journal of Drug Targeting, 1992, 2, 405-410). Further, an additional study tested the efficacy of interferon administered as part of a liposomal formulation to the administration of interferon using an aqueous system, and concluded that the liposomal formulation was superior to aqueous administration (du Plessis et al., Antiviral Research, 1992, 18, 259-265).

[0107] Non-ionic liposomal systems have also been examined to determine their utility in the delivery of drugs to the skin, in particular systems comprising non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol. Non-ionic liposomal formulations comprising Novasome™ I (glyceryl dilaurate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) and Novasome™ II (glyceryl distearate/cholesterol/polyoxyethylene-10-stearyl ether) were used to deliver cyclosporin-A into the dermis of mouse skin. Results indicated that such non-ionic liposomal systems were effective in facilitating the deposition of cyclosporin-A into different layers of the skin (Hu et al. S.T.P.Pharma. Sci., 1994, 4, 6, 466).

[0108] Liposomes also include “sterically stabilized” liposomes, a term which, as used herein, refers to liposomes comprising one or more specialized lipids that, when incorporated into liposomes, result in enhanced circulation lifetimes relative to liposomes lacking such specialized lipids. Examples of sterically stabilized liposomes are those in which part of the vesicle-forming lipid portion of the liposome (A) comprises one or more glycolipids, such as monosialoganglioside G_(M1), or (B) is derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, such as a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety. While not wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is thought in the art that, at least for sterically stabilized liposomes containing gangliosides, sphingomyelin, or PEG-derivatized lipids, the enhanced circulation half-life of these sterically stabilized liposomes derives from a reduced uptake into cells of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) (Allen et al., FEBS Letters, 1987, 223, 42; Wu et al., Cancer Research, 1993, 53, 3765). Various liposomes comprising one or more glycolipids are known in the art. Papahadjopoulos et al. (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1987, 507, 64) reported the ability of monosialoganglioside G_(M1), galactocerebroside sulfate and phosphatidylinositol to improve blood half-lives of liposomes. These findings were expounded upon by Gabizon et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1988, 85, 6949). U.S. Pat. No. 4,837,028 and WO 88/04924, both to Allen et al., disclose liposomes comprising (1) sphingomyelin and (2) the ganglioside G_(M1) or a galactocerebroside sulfate ester. U.S. Pat. No. 5,543,152 (Webb et al.) discloses liposomes comprising sphingomyelin. Liposomes comprising 1,2-sn-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine are disclosed in WO 97/13499 (Lim et al.).

[0109] Many liposomes comprising lipids derivatized with one or more hydrophilic polymers, and methods of preparation thereof, are known in the art. Sunamoto et al. (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 1980, 53, 2778) described liposomes comprising a nonionic detergent, 2C₁₂15G, that contains a PEG moiety. Illum et al. (FEBS Lett., 1984, 167, 79) noted that hydrophilic coating of polystyrene particles with polymeric glycols results in significantly enhanced blood half-lives. Synthetic phospholipids modified by the attachment of carboxylic groups of polyalkylene glycols (e.g., PEG) are described by Sears (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,426,330 and 4,534,899). Klibanov et al. (FEBS Lett., 1990, 268, 235) described experiments demonstrating that liposomes comprising phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) derivatized with PEG or PEG stearate have significant increases in blood circulation half-lives. Blume et al. (Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1990, 1029, 91) extended such observations to other PEG-derivatized phospholipids, e.g., DSPE-PEG, formed from the combination of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE) and PEG. Liposomes having covalently bound PEG moieties on their external surface are described in European Patent No. EP 0 445 131 B1 and WO 90/04384 to Fisher. Liposome compositions containing 1-20 mole percent of PE derivatized with PEG, and methods of use thereof, are described by Woodle et al. (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,556 and 5,356,633) and Martin et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,804 and European Patent No. EP 0 496 813 B1). Liposomes comprising a number of other lipid-polymer conjugates are disclosed in WO 91/05545 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,212 (both to Martin et al.) and in WO 94/20073 (Zalipsky et al.) Liposomes comprising PEG-modified ceramide lipids are described in WO 96/10391 (Choi et al.). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,540,935 (Miyazaki et al.) and 5,556,948 (Tagawa et al.) describe PEG-containing liposomes that can be further derivatized with functional moieties on their surfaces.

[0110] A limited number of liposomes comprising nucleic acids are known in the art. WO 96/40062 to Thierry et al. discloses methods for encapsulating high molecular weight nucleic acids in liposomes. U.S. Pat. No. 5,264,221 to Tagawa et al. discloses protein-bonded liposomes and asserts that the contents of such liposomes may include an antisense RNA. U.S. Pat. No. 5,665,710 to Rahman et al. describes certain methods of encapsulating oligodeoxynucleotides in liposomes. WO 97/04787 to Love et al. discloses liposomes comprising antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the raf gene.

[0111] Transfersomes are yet another type of liposomes, and are highly deformable lipid aggregates which are attractive candidates for drug delivery vehicles. Transfersomes may be described as lipid droplets which are so highly deformable that they are easily able to penetrate through pores which are smaller than the droplet. Transfersomes are adaptable to the environment in which they are used, e.g. they are self-optimizing (adaptive to the shape of pores in the skin), self-repairing, frequently reach their targets without fragmenting, and often self-loading. To make transfersomes it is possible to add surface edge-activators, usually surfactants, to a standard liposomal composition. Transfersomes have been used to deliver serum albumin to the skin. The transfersome-mediated delivery of serum albumin has been shown to be as effective as subcutaneous injection of a solution containing serum albumin.

[0112] Surfactants find wide application in formulations such as emulsions (including microemulsions) and liposomes. The most common way of classifying and ranking the properties of the many different types of surfactants, both natural and synthetic, is by the use of the hydrophile/lipophile balance (HLB). The nature of the hydrophilic group (also known as the “head”) provides the most useful means for categorizing the different surfactants used in formulations (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

[0113] If the surfactant molecule is not ionized, it is classified as a nonionic surfactant. Nonionic surfactants find wide application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and are usable over a wide range of pH values. In general their HLB values range from 2 to about 18 depending on their structure. Nonionic surfactants include nonionic esters such as ethylene glycol esters, propylene glycol esters, glyceryl esters, polyglyceryl esters, sorbitan esters, sucrose esters, and ethoxylated esters. Nonionic alkanolamides and ethers such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates, propoxylated alcohols, and ethoxylated/propoxylated block polymers are also included in this class. The polyoxyethylene surfactants are the most popular members of the nonionic surfactant class.

[0114] If the surfactant molecule carries a negative charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as anionic. Anionic surfactants include carboxylates such as soaps, acyl lactylates, acyl amides of amino acids, esters of sulfuric acid such as alkyl sulfates and ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, sulfonates such as alkyl benzene sulfonates, acyl isethionates, acyl taurates and sulfosuccinates, and phosphates. The most important members of the anionic surfactant class are the alkyl sulfates and the soaps.

[0115] If the surfactant molecule carries a positive charge when it is dissolved or dispersed in water, the surfactant is classified as cationic. Cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts and ethoxylated amines. The quaternary ammonium salts are the most used members of this class.

[0116] If the surfactant molecule has the ability to carry either a positive or negative charge, the surfactant is classified as amphoteric. Amphoteric surfactants include acrylic acid derivatives, substituted alkylamides, N-alkylbetaines and phosphatides.

[0117] The use of surfactants in drug products, formulations and in emulsions has been reviewed (Rieger, in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1988, p. 285).

[0118] Penetration Enhancers

[0119] In one embodiment, the present invention employs various penetration enhancers to effect the efficient delivery of nucleic acids, particularly oligonucleotides, to the skin of animals. Most drugs are present in solution in both ionized and nonionized forms. However, usually only lipid soluble or lipophilic drugs readily cross cell membranes. It has been discovered that even non-lipophilic drugs may cross cell membranes if the membrane to be crossed is treated with a penetration enhancer. In addition to aiding the diffusion of non-lipophilic drugs across cell membranes, penetration enhancers also enhance the permeability of lipophilic drugs.

[0120] Penetration enhancers may be classified as belonging to one of five broad categories, i.e., surfactants, fatty acids, bile salts, chelating agents, and non-chelating non-surfactants (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92). Each of the above mentioned classes of penetration enhancers are described below in greater detail.

[0121] Surfactants: In connection with the present invention, surfactants (or “surface-active agents”) are chemical entities which, when dissolved in an aqueous solution, reduce the surface tension of the solution or the interfacial tension between the aqueous solution and another liquid, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. In addition to bile salts and fatty acids, these penetration enhancers include, for example, sodium lauryl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether and polyoxyethylene-20-cetyl ether) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92); and perfluorochemical emulsions, such as FC-43. Takahashi et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1988, 40, 252).

[0122] Fatty acids: Various fatty acids and their derivatives which act as penetration enhancers include, for example, oleic acid, lauric acid, capric acid (n-decanoic acid), myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, dicaprate, tricaprate, monoolein (1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol), dilaurin, caprylic acid, arachidonic acid, glycerol 1-monocaprate, 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one, acylcarnitines, acylcholines, C₁₀ alkyl esters thereof (e.g., methyl, isopropyl and t-butyl), and mono- and di-glycerides thereof (i.e., oleate, laurate, caprate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, linoleate, etc.) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, p.92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; El Hariri et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1992, 44, 651-654).

[0123] Bile salts: The physiological role of bile includes the facilitation of dispersion and absorption of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins (Brunton, Chapter 38 in: Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th Ed., Hardman et al. Eds., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1996, pp. 934-935). Various natural bile salts, and their synthetic derivatives, act as penetration enhancers. Thus the term “bile salts” includes any of the naturally occurring components of bile as well as any of their synthetic derivatives. The bile salts of the invention include, for example, cholic acid (or its pharmaceutically acceptable sodium salt, sodium cholate), dehydrocholic acid (sodium dehydrocholate), deoxycholic acid (sodium deoxycholate), glucholic acid (sodium glucholate), glycholic acid (sodium glycocholate), glycodeoxycholic acid (sodium glycodeoxycholate), taurocholic acid (sodium taurocholate), taurodeoxycholic acid (sodium taurodeoxycholate), chenodeoxycholic acid (sodium chenodeoxycholate), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), sodium tauro-24,25-dihydro-fusidate (STDHF), sodium glycodihydrofusidate and polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (POE) (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Swinyard, Chapter 39 In: Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Gennaro, ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1990, pages 782-783; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Yamamoto et al., J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 1992, 263, 25; Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 1990, 79, 579-583).

[0124] Chelating Agents: Chelating agents, as used in connection with the present invention, can be defined as compounds that remove metallic ions from solution by forming complexes therewith, with the result that absorption of oligonucleotides through the mucosa is enhanced. With regards to their use as penetration enhancers in the present invention, chelating agents have the added advantage of also serving as DNase inhibitors, as most characterized DNA nucleases require a divalent metal ion for catalysis and are thus inhibited by chelating agents (Jarrett, J. Chromatogr., 1993, 618, 315-339). Chelating agents of the invention include but are not limited to disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), citric acid, salicylates (e.g., sodium salicylate, 5-methoxysalicylate and homovanilate), N-acyl derivatives of collagen, laureth-9 and N-amino acyl derivatives of beta-diketones (enamines)(Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92; Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33; Buur et al., J. Control Rel., 1990, 14, 43-51).

[0125] Non-chelating non-surfactants: As used herein, non-chelating non-surfactant penetration enhancing compounds can be defined as compounds that demonstrate insignificant activity as chelating agents or as surfactants but that nonetheless enhance absorption of oligonucleotides through the alimentary mucosa (Muranishi, Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1990, 7, 1-33). This class of penetration enhancers include, for example, unsaturated cyclic ureas, 1-alkyl- and 1-alkenylazacyclo-alkanone derivatives (Lee et al., Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, 1991, page 92); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as diclofenac sodium, indomethacin and phenylbutazone (Yamashita et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 1987, 39, 621-626).

[0126] Agents that enhance uptake of oligonucleotides at the cellular level may also be added to the pharmaceutical and other compositions of the present invention. For example, cationic lipids, such as lipofectin (Junichi et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,188), cationic glycerol derivatives, and polycationic molecules, such as polylysine (Lollo et al., PCT Application WO 97/30731), are also known to enhance the cellular uptake of oligonucleotides.

[0127] Other agents may be utilized to enhance the penetration of the administered nucleic acids, including glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, pyrrols such as 2-pyrrol, azones, and terpenes such as limonene and menthone.

[0128] Carriers

[0129] Certain compositions of the present invention also incorporate carrier compounds in the formulation. As used herein, “carrier compound” or “carrier” can refer to a nucleic acid, or analog thereof, which is inert (i.e., does not possess biological activity per se) but is recognized as a nucleic acid by in vivo processes that reduce the bioavailability of a nucleic acid having biological activity by, for example, degrading the biologically active nucleic acid or promoting its removal from circulation. The coadministration of a nucleic acid and a carrier compound, typically with an excess of the latter substance, can result in a substantial reduction of the amount of nucleic acid recovered in the liver, kidney or other extracirculatory reservoirs, presumably due to competition between the carrier compound and the nucleic acid for a common receptor. For example, the recovery of a partially phosphorothioate oligonucleotide in hepatic tissue can be reduced when it is coadministered with polyinosinic acid, dextran sulfate, polycytidic acid or 4-acetamido-4′isothiocyano-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (Miyao et al., Antisense Res. Dev., 1995, 5, 115-121; Takakura et al., Antisense & Nucl. Acid Drug Dev., 1996, 6, 177-183).

[0130] Excipients

[0131] In contrast to a carrier compound, a “pharmaceutical carrier” or “excipient” is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, suspending agent or any other pharmacologically inert vehicle for delivering one or more nucleic acids to an animal. The excipient may be liquid or solid and is selected, with the planned manner of administration in mind, so as to provide for the desired bulk, consistency, etc., when combined with a nucleic acid and the other components of a given pharmaceutical composition. Typical pharmaceutical carriers include, but are not limited to, binding agents (e.g., pregelatinized maize starch, polyvinylpyrrolidone or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, etc.); fillers (e.g., lactose and other sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, pectin, gelatin, calcium sulfate, ethyl cellulose, polyacrylates or calcium hydrogen phosphate, etc.); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, silica, colloidal silicon dioxide, stearic acid, metallic stearates, hydrogenated vegetable oils, corn starch, polyethylene glycols, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, etc.); disintegrants (e.g., starch, sodium starch glycolate, etc.); and wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate, etc.).

[0132] Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipient suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can also be used to formulate the compositions of the present invention. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohols, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

[0133] Formulations for topical administration of nucleic acids may include sterile and non-sterile aqueous solutions, non-aqueous solutions in common solvents such as alcohols, or solutions of the nucleic acids in liquid or solid oil bases. The solutions may also contain buffers, diluents and other suitable additives. Pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic excipients suitable for non-parenteral administration which do not deleteriously react with nucleic acids can be used.

[0134] Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable excipients include, but are not limited to, water, salt solutions, alcohol, polyethylene glycols, gelatin, lactose, amylose, magnesium stearate, talc, silicic acid, viscous paraffin, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.

[0135] Other Components

[0136] The compositions of the present invention may additionally contain other adjunct components conventionally found in pharmaceutical compositions, at their art-established usage levels. Thus, for example, the compositions may contain additional, compatible, pharmaceutically-active materials such as, for example, antipruritics, astringents, local anesthetics or anti-inflammatory agents, or may contain additional materials useful in physically formulating various dosage forms of the compositions of the present invention, such as dyes, flavoring agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opacifiers, thickening agents and stabilizers. However, such materials, when added, should not unduly interfere with the biological activities of the components of the compositions of the present invention. The formulations can be sterilized and, if desired, mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure, buffers, colorings, flavorings and/or aromatic substances and the like which do not deleteriously interact with the nucleic acid(s) of the formulation.

[0137] Aqueous suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension including, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, sorbitol and/or dextran. The suspension may also contain stabilizers.

[0138] Certain embodiments of the invention provide pharmaceutical compositions containing (a) one or more antisense compounds and (b) one or more other chemotherapeutic agents which function by a non-antisense mechanism. Examples of such chemotherapeutic agents include but are not limited to daunorubicin, daunomycin, dactinomycin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, esorubicin, bleomycin, mafosfamide, ifosfamide, cytosine arabinoside, bis-chloroethylnitrosurea, busulfan, mitomycin C, actinomycin D, mithramycin, prednisone, hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, tamoxifen, dacarbazine, procarbazine, hexamethylmelamine, pentamethylmelamine, mitoxantrone, amsacrine, chlorambucil, methylcyclohexylnitrosurea, nitrogen mustards, melphalan, cyclophosphamide, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-azacytidine, hydroxyurea, deoxycoformycin, 4-hydroxyperoxycyclophosphoramide, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR), methotrexate (MTX), colchicine, taxol, vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide (VP-16), trimetrexate, irinotecan, topotecan, gemcitabine, teniposide, cisplatin and diethylstilbestrol (DES). See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed. 1987, pp. 1206-1228, Berkow et al., eds., Rahway, N.J. When used with the compounds of the invention, such chemotherapeutic agents may be used individually (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide), sequentially (e.g., 5-FU and oligonucleotide for a period of time followed by MTX and oligonucleotide), or in combination with one or more other such chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., 5-FU, MTX and oligonucleotide, or 5-FU, radiotherapy and oligonucleotide). Anti-inflammatory drugs, including but not limited to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids, and antiviral drugs, including but not limited to ribivirin, vidarabine, acyclovir and ganciclovir, may also be combined in compositions of the invention. See, generally, The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy, 15th Ed., Berkow et al., eds., 1987, Rahway, N.J., pages 2499-2506 and 46-49, respectively). Other non-antisense chemotherapeutic agents are also within the scope of this invention. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[0139] In another related embodiment, compositions of the invention may contain one or more antisense compounds, particularly oligonucleotides, targeted to a first nucleic acid and one or more additional antisense compounds targeted to a second nucleic acid target. Numerous examples of antisense compounds are known in the art. Two or more combined compounds may be used together or sequentially.

[0140] The formulation of therapeutic compositions and their subsequent administration is believed to be within the skill of those in the art. Dosing is dependent on severity and responsiveness of the disease state to be treated, with the course of treatment lasting from several days to several months, or until a cure is effected or a diminution of the disease state is achieved. Optimal dosing schedules can be calculated from measurements of drug accumulation in the body of the patient. Persons of ordinary skill can easily determine optimum dosages, dosing methodologies and repetition rates. Optimum dosages may vary depending on the relative potency of individual oligonucleotides, and can generally be estimated based on EC₅₀s found to be effective in in vitro and in vivo animal models. In general, dosage is from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, and may be given once or more daily, weekly, monthly or yearly, or even once every 2 to 20 years. Persons of ordinary skill in the art can easily estimate repetition rates for dosing based on measured residence times and concentrations of the drug in bodily fluids or tissues. Following successful treatment, it may be desirable to have the patient undergo maintenance therapy to prevent the recurrence of the disease state, wherein the oligonucleotide is administered in maintenance doses, ranging from 0.01 ug to 100 g per kg of body weight, once or more daily, to once every 20 years.

[0141] While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.

EXAMPLES Example 1

[0142] Nucleoside Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis Deoxy and 2′-alkoxy Amidites

[0143] 2′-Deoxy and 2′-methoxy beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial sources (e.g. Chemgenes, Needham Mass. or Glen Research, Inc. Sterling Va.). Other 2′-O-alkoxy substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,351, herein incorporated by reference. For oligonucleotides synthesized using 2′-alkoxy amidites, the standard cycle for unmodified oligonucleotides was utilized, except the wait step after pulse delivery of tetrazole and base was increased to 360 seconds.

[0144] Oligonucleotides containing 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Me-C) nucleotides were synthesized according to published methods [Sanghvi, et. al., Nucleic Acids Research, 1993, 21, 3197-3203] using commercially available phosphoramidites (Glen Research, Sterling Va. or ChemGenes, Needham Mass.).

[0145] 2′-Fluoro Amidites

[0146] 2′-Fluorodeoxyadenosine Amidites

[0147] 2′-fluoro oligonucleotides were synthesized as described previously [Kawasaki, et. al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 831-841] and U.S. Pat. No. 5,670,633, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, the protected nucleoside N6-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroadenosine was synthesized utilizing commercially available 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine as starting material and by modifying literature procedures whereby the 2′-alpha-fluoro atom is introduced by a S_(N)2-displacement of a 2′-beta-trityl group. Thus N6-benzoyl-9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine was selectively protected in moderate yield as the 31,5′-ditetrahydropyranyl (THP) intermediate. Deprotection of the THP and N6-benzoyl groups was accomplished using standard methodologies and standard methods were used to obtain the 5′-dimethoxytrityl-(DMT) and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidite intermediates.

[0148] 2′-Fluorodeoxyguanosine

[0149] The synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine was accomplished using tetraisopropyldisiloxanyl (TPDS) protected 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine as starting material, and conversion to the intermediate diisobutyryl-arabinofuranosylguanosine. Deprotection of the TPDS group was followed by protection of the hydroxyl group with THP to give diisobutyryl di-THP protected arabinofuranosylguanine. Selective O-deacylation and triflation was followed by treatment of the crude product with fluoride, then deprotection of the THP groups. Standard methodologies were used to obtain the 5′-DMT- and 5′-DMT-3′-phosphoramidites.

[0150] 2′-Fluorouridine

[0151] Synthesis of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine was accomplished by the modification of a literature procedure in which 2,2′-anhydro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil was treated with 70% hydrogen fluoride-pyridine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

[0152] 2′-Fluorodeoxycytidine

[0153] 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine was synthesized via amination of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine, followed by selective protection to give N4-benzoyl-2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine. Standard procedures were used to obtain the 5′-DMT and 5′-DMT-3′phosphoramidites.

[0154] 2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Modified Amidites

[0155] 2′-o-Methoxyethyl-substituted nucleoside amidites are prepared as follows, or alternatively, as per the methods of Martin, P., Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1995, 78, 486-504.

[0156]2,2′-Anhydro[1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-methyluridine]

[0157] 5-Methyluridine (ribosylthymine, commercially available through Yamasa, Choshi, Japan) (72.0 g, 0.279 M), diphenylcarbonate (90.0 g, 0.420 M) and sodium bicarbonate (2.0 g, 0.024 M) were added to DMF (300 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux, with stirring, allowing the evolved carbon dioxide gas to be released in a controlled manner. After 1 hour, the slightly darkened solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting syrup was poured into diethylether (2.5 L), with stirring. The product formed a gum. The ether was decanted and the residue was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol (ca. 400 mL). The solution was poured into fresh ether (2.5 L) to yield a stiff gum. The ether was decanted and the gum was dried in a vacuum oven (60° C. at 1 mm Hg for 24 h) to give a solid that was crushed to a light tan powder (57 g, 85% crude yield). The NMR spectrum was consistent with the structure, contaminated with phenol as its sodium salt (ca. 5%). The material was used as is for further reactions (or it can be purified further by column chromatography using a gradient of methanol in ethyl acetate (10-25%) to give a white solid, mp 222-4° C.).

[0158] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine

[0159] 2,2′-Anhydro-5-methyluridine (195 g, 0.81 M), tris(2-methoxyethyl)borate (231 g, 0.98 M) and 2-methoxyethanol (1.2 L) were added to a 2 L stainless steel pressure vessel and placed in a pre-heated oil bath at 160° C. After heating for 48 hours at 155-160° C., the vessel was opened and the solution evaporated to dryness and triturated with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was suspended in hot acetone (1 L). The insoluble salts were filtered, washed with acetone (150 mL) and the filtrate evaporated. The residue (280 g) was dissolved in CH₃CN (600 mL) and evaporated. A silica gel column (3 kg) was packed in CH₂Cl₂/acetone/MeOH (20:5:3) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and adsorbed onto silica (150 g) prior to loading onto the column. The product was eluted with the packing solvent to give 160 g (63%) of product. Additional material was obtained by reworking impure fractions.

[0160] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

[0161] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5-methyluridine (160 g, 0.506 M) was co-evaporated with pyridine (250 mL) and the dried residue dissolved in pyridine (1.3 L). A first aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the mixture stirred at room temperature for one hour. A second aliquot of dimethoxytrityl chloride (94.3 g, 0.278 M) was added and the reaction stirred for an additional one hour. Methanol (170 mL) was then added to stop the reaction. HPLC showed the presence of approximately 70% product. The solvent was evaporated and triturated with CH₃CN (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (1.5 L) and extracted with 2×500 mL of saturated NaHCO₃ and 2×500 mL of saturated NaCl. The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and evaporated. 275 g of residue was obtained. The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column, packed and eluted with EtOAc/hexane/acetone (5:5:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH. The pure fractions were evaporated to give 164 g of product. Approximately 20 g additional was obtained from the impure fractions to give a total yield of 183 g (57%).

[0162] 3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine

[0163] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (106 g, 0.167 M), DMF/pyridine (750 mL of a 3:1 mixture prepared from 562 mL of DMF and 188 mL of pyridine) and acetic anhydride (24.38 mL, 0.258 M) were combined and stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction was monitored by TLC by first quenching the TLC sample with the addition of MeOH. Upon completion of the reaction, as judged by TLC, MeOH (50 mL) was added and the mixture evaporated at 35° C. The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (800 mL) and extracted with 2×200 mL of saturated sodium bicarbonate and 2×200 mL of saturated NaCl. The water layers were back extracted with 200 mL of CHCl₃. The combined organics were dried with sodium sulfate and evaporated to give 122 g of residue (approx. 90% product). The residue was purified on a 3.5 kg silica gel column and eluted using EtOAc/hexane (4:1). Pure product fractions were evaporated to yield 96 g (84%). An additional 1.5 g was recovered from later fractions.

[0164] 3′-O-Acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine

[0165] A first solution was prepared by dissolving 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyluridine (96 g, 0.144 M) in CH₃CN (700 mL) and set aside. Triethylamine (189 mL, 1.44 M) was added to a solution of triazole (90 g, 1.3 M) in CH₃CN (1 L), cooled to −5° C. and stirred for 0.5 h using an overhead stirrer. POCl₃ was added dropwise, over a 30 minute period, to the stirred solution maintained at 0-10° C., and the resulting mixture stirred for an additional 2 hours. The first solution was added dropwise, over a 45 minute period, to the latter solution. The resulting reaction mixture was stored overnight in a cold room. Salts were filtered from the reaction mixture and the solution was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (1 L) and the insoluble solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was washed with 1×300 mL of NaHCO₃ and 2×300 mL of saturated NaCl, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue was triturated with EtOAc to give the title compound.

[0166] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

[0167] A solution of 3′-O-acetyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methyl-4-triazoleuridine (103 g, 0.141 M) in dioxane (500 mL) and NH₄OH (30 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The dioxane solution was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (2×200 mL). The residue was dissolved in MeOH (300 mL) and transferred to a 2 liter stainless steel pressure vessel. MeOH (400 mL) saturated with NH₃ gas was added and the vessel heated to 100° C. for 2 hours (TLC showed complete conversion). The vessel contents were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc (500 mL) and washed once with saturated NaCl (200 mL). The organics were dried over sodium sulfate and the solvent was evaporated to give 85 g (95%) of the title compound.

[0168] N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine

[0169] 2′-O-Methoxyethyl-5═-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (85 g, 0.134 M) was dissolved in DMF (800 mL) and benzoic anhydride (37.2 g, 0.165 M) was added with stirring. After stirring for 3 hours, TLC showed the reaction to be approximately 95% complete. The solvent was evaporated and the residue azeotroped with MeOH (200 mL). The residue was dissolved in CHCl₃ (700 mL) and extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (2×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (2×300 mL), dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a residue (96 g). The residue was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (1:1) containing 0.5% Et₃NH as the eluting solvent. The pure product fractions were evaporated to give 90 g (90%) of the title compound.

[0170] N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5∝0-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine-3′-amidite

[0171] N4-Benzoyl-2′-O-methoxyethyl-5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-5-methylcytidine (74 g, 0.10 M) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1 L) Tetrazole diisopropylamine (7.1 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-tetra-(isopropyl)phosphite (40.5 mL, 0.123 M) were added with stirring, under a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 20 hours at room temperature (TLC showed the reaction to be 95% complete). The reaction mixture was extracted with saturated NaHCO₃ (1×300 mL) and saturated NaCl (3×300 mL). The aqueous washes were back-extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (300 mL), and the extracts were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The residue obtained was chromatographed on a 1.5 kg silica column using EtOAc/hexane (3:1) as the eluting solvent. The pure fractions were combined to give 90.6 g (87%) of the title compound.

[0172] 2′-O-(Aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites and 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) Nucleoside Amidites

[0173] 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites

[0174] 2′-(Dimethylaminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and guanosine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly to the thymidine (5-methyluridine) except the exocyclic amines are protected with a benzoyl moiety in the case of adenosine and cytidine and with isobutyryl in the case of guanosine.

[0175] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine

[0176] O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (Pro. Bio. Sint., Varese, Italy, 100.0 g, 0.416 mmol), dimethylaminopyridine (0.66 g, 0.013 eq, 0.0054 mmol) were dissolved in dry pyridine (500 ml) at ambient temperature under an argon atmosphere and with mechanical stirring. tert-Butyldiphenylchlorosilane (125.8 g, 119.0 mL, 1.1 eq, 0.458 mmol) was added in one portion. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at ambient temperature. TLC (Rf 0.22, ethyl acetate) indicated a complete reaction. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. This was partitioned between dichloromethane (1 L) and saturated sodium bicarbonate (2×1 L) and brine (1 L). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to a thick oil. The oil was dissolved in a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate and ethyl ether (600 mL) and the solution was cooled to −10° C. The resulting crystalline product was collected by filtration, washed with ethyl ether (3×200 mL) and dried (40° C., 1 mm Hg, 24 h) to 149 g (74.8%) of white solid. TLC and NMR were consistent with pure product.

[0177] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

[0178] In a 2 L stainless steel, unstirred pressure reactor was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 M, 2.0 eq, 622 mL). In the fume hood and with manual stirring, ethylene glycol (350 mL, excess) was added cautiously at first until the evolution of hydrogen gas subsided. 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-O²-2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (149 g, 0.311 mol) and sodium bicarbonate (0.074 g, 0.003 eq) were added with manual stirring. The reactor was sealed and heated in an oil bath until an internal temperature of 160° C. was reached and then maintained for 16 h (pressure<100 psig). The reaction vessel was cooled to ambient and opened. TLC (Rf 0.67 for desired product and Rf 0.82 for ara-T side product, ethyl acetate) indicated about 70% conversion to the product. In order to avoid additional side product formation, the reaction was stopped, concentrated under reduced pressure (10 to 1 mm Hg) in a warm water bath (40-100° C.) with the more extreme conditions used to remove the ethylene glycol. [Alternatively, once the low boiling solvent is gone, the remaining solution can be partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The product will be in the organic phase.] The residue was purified by column chromatography (2 kg silica gel, ethyl acetate-hexanes gradient 1:1 to 4:1). The appropriate fractions were combined, stripped and dried to product as a white crisp foam (84 g, 50%), contaminated starting material (17.4 g) and pure reusable starting material 20 g. The yield based on starting material less pure recovered starting material was 58%. TLC and NMR were consistent with 99% pure product.

[0179] 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine

[0180] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (20 g, 36.98 mmol) was mixed with triphenylphosphine (11.63 g, 44.36 mmol) and N-hydroxyphthalimide (7.24 g, 44.36 mmol). It was then dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum for two days at 40° C. The reaction mixture was flushed with argon and dry THF (369.8 mL, Aldrich, sure seal bottle) was added to get a clear solution. Diethyl-azodicarboxylate (6.98 mL, 44.36 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture. The rate of addition is maintained such that resulting deep red coloration is just discharged before adding the next drop. After the addition was complete, the reaction was stirred for 4 hrs. By that time TLC showed the completion of the reaction (ethylacetate:hexane, 60:40). The solvent was evaporated in vacuum. Residue obtained was placed on a flash column and eluted with ethyl acetate:hexane (60:40), to get 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine as white foam (21.819 g, 86%).

[0181] 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine

[0182] 2′-O-([2-phthalimidoxy)ethyl]-5′-t-butyldiphenylsilyl-5-methyluridine (3.1 g, 4.5 mmol) was dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (4.5 mL) and methylhydrazine (300 mL, 4.64 mmol) was added dropwise at −10° C. to 0° C. After 1 h the mixture was filtered, the filtrate was washed with ice cold CH₂Cl₂ and the combined organic phase was washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. The solution was concentrated to get 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) thymidine, which was then dissolved in MeOH (67.5 mL). To this formaldehyde (20% aqueous solution, w/w, 1.1 eq.) was added and the resulting mixture was strirred for 1 h. Solvent was removed under vacuum; residue chromatographed to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy) ethyl]-5-methyluridine as white foam (1.95 g, 78%).

[0183] 5′-O-tert-Butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine

[0184] 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[(2-formadoximinooxy)ethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.77 g, 3.12 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 1M pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PPTS) in dry MeOH (30.6 mL). Sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added to this solution at 10° C. under inert atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 minutes at 10° C. After that the reaction vessel was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 h, the reaction monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (5%, 10 mL) was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). Ethyl acetate phase was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, evaporated to dryness. Residue was dissolved in a solution of 1M PPTS in MeOH (30.6 mL). Formaldehyde (20% w/w, 30 mL, 3.37 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Reaction mixture cooled to 10° C. in an ice bath, sodium cyanoborohydride (0.39 g, 6.13 mmol) was added and reaction mixture stirred at 10° C. for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes, the reaction mixture was removed from the ice bath and stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. To the reaction mixture 5% NaHCO₃ (25 mL) solution was added and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×25 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and evaporated to dryness. The residue obtained was purified by flash column chromatography and eluted with 5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to get 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-0-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine as a white foam (14.6 g, 80%).

[0185] 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

[0186] Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (3.91 mL, 24.0 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF and triethylamine (1.67 mL, 12 mmol, dry, kept over KOH). This mixture of triethylamine-2HF was then added to 5′-O-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-2′-O-[N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl]-5-methyluridine (1.40 g, 2.4 mmol) and stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. Reaction was monitored by TLC (5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂). Solvent was removed under vacuum and the residue placed on a flash column and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ to get 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (766 mg, 92.5%).

[0187] 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine

[0188] 2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (750 mg, 2.17 mmol) was dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. It was then co-evaporated with anhydrous pyridine (20 mL). The residue obtained was dissolved in pyridine (11 mL) under argon atmosphere. 4-dimethylaminopyridine (26.5 mg, 2.60 mmol), 4,4′-dimethoxytrityl chloride (880 mg, 2.60 mmol) was added to the mixture and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature until all of the starting material disappeared. Pyridine was removed under vacuum and the residue chromatographed and eluted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (containing a few drops of pyridine) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylamino-oxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.13 g, 80%).

[0189] 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

[0190] 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine (1.08 g, 1.67 mmol) was co-evaporated with toluene (20 mL). To the residue N,N-diisopropylamine tetrazonide (0.29 g, 1.67 mmol) was added and dried over P₂O₅ under high vacuum overnight at 40° C. Then the reaction mixture was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (8.4 mL) and 2-cyanoethyl-N,N,N¹,N¹-tetraisopropylphosphoramidite (2.12 mL, 6.08 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hrs under inert atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC (hexane:ethyl acetate 1:1). The solvent was evaporated, then the residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate (70 mL) and washed with 5% aqueous NaHCO₃ (40 mL). Ethyl acetate layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. Residue obtained was chromatographed (ethyl acetate as eluent) to get 5′-O-DMT-2′-O-(2-N,N-dimethylaminooxyethyl)-5-methyluridine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite] as a foam (1.04 g, 74.9%).

[0191] 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) Nucleoside Amidites

[0192] 2′-(Aminooxyethoxy) nucleoside amidites [also known in the art as 2′-O-(aminooxyethyl) nucleoside amidites] are prepared as described in the following paragraphs. Adenosine, cytidine and thymidine nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

[0193] N2-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite]

[0194] The 2′-O-aminooxyethyl guanosine analog may be obtained by selective 2′-O-alkylation of diaminopurine riboside. Multigram quantities of diaminopurine riboside may be purchased from Schering AG (Berlin) to provide 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside along with a minor amount of the 3′-O-isomer. 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl) diaminopurine riboside may be resolved and converted to 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)guanosine by treatment with adenosine deaminase. (McGee, D. P. C., Cook, P. D., Guinosso, C. J., WO 94/02501 A1 940203.) Standard protection procedures should afford 2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine and 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-ethylacetyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine which may be reduced to provide 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine. As before the hydroxyl group may be displaced by N-hydroxyphthalimide via a Mitsunobu reaction, and the protected nucleoside may phosphitylated as usual to yield 2-N-isobutyryl-6-O-diphenylcarbamoyl-2′-O-([2-phthalmidoxy]ethyl)-5′-O-(4,4′-dimethoxytrityl)guanosine-3′-[(2-cyanoethyl)-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidite].

[0195] 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy (2′-DMAEOE) Nucleoside Amidites

[0196] 2′-dimethylaminoethoxyethoxy nucleoside amidites (also known in the art as 2′-O-dimethylaminoethoxyethyl, i.e., 2′-O-CH₂-O-CH₂-N(CH₂)₂, or 2′-DMAEOE nucleoside amidites) are prepared as follows. Other nucleoside amidites are prepared similarly.

[0197] 2′-O-[2 (2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl]-5-methyl Uridine

[0198] 2[2-(Dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol (Aldrich, 6.66 g, 50 mmol) is slowly added to a solution of borane in tetrahydrofuran (1 M, 10 mL, 10 mmol) with stirring in a 100 mL bomb. Hydrogen gas evolves as the solid dissolves. O²-, 2′-anhydro-5-methyluridine (1.2 g, 5 mmol), and sodium bicarbonate (2.5 mg) are added and the bomb is sealed, placed in an oil bath and heated to 155° C. for 26 hours. The bomb is cooled to room temperature and opened. The crude solution is concentrated and the residue partitioned between water (200 mL) and hexanes (200 mL). The excess phenol is extracted into the hexane layer. The aqueous layer is extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL) and the combined organic layers are washed once with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated. The residue is columned on silica gel using methanol/methylene chloride 1:20 (which has 2% triethylamine) as the eluent. As the column fractions are concentrated a colorless solid forms which is collected to give the title compound as a white solid.

[0199] 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)-ethyl)]-5-methyl Uridine

[0200] To 0.5 g (1.3 mmol) of 2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl uridine in anhydrous pyridine (8 mL), triethylamine (0.36 mL) and dimethoxytrityl chloride (DMT-Cl, 0.87 g, 2 eq.) are added and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture is poured into water (200 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×200 mL). The combined CH₂Cl₂ layers are washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, followed by saturated NaCl solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Evaporation of the solvent followed by silica gel chromatography using MeOH:CH₂Cl₂:Et₃N (20:1, v/v, with 1% triethylamine) gives the title compound.

[0201] 5′-O-Dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyl Uridine-3′-O-(cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropyl)phosphoramidite

[0202] Diisopropylaminotetrazolide (0.6 g) and 2-cyanoethoxy-N,N-diisopropyl phosphoramidite (1.1 mL, 2 eq.) are added to a solution of 5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-[2(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethoxy)ethyl)]-5-methyluridine (2.17 g, 3 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) under an atmosphere of argon. The reaction mixture is stirred overnight and the solvent evaporated. The resulting residue is purified by silica gel flash column chromatography with ethyl acetate as the eluent to give the title compound.

Example 2

[0203] Oligonucleotide Synthesis

[0204] Unsubstituted and substituted phosphodiester (P═O) oligonucleotides are synthesized on an automated DNA synthesizer (Applied Biosystems model 380B) using standard phosphoramidite chemistry with oxidation by iodine.

[0205] Phosphorothioates (P═S) are synthesized as for the phosphodiester oligonucleotides except the standard oxidation bottle was replaced by 0.2 M solution of 3H-1,2-benzodithiole-3-one 1,1-dioxide in acetonitrile for the stepwise thiation of the phosphite linkages. The thiation wait step was increased to 68 sec and was followed by the capping step. After cleavage from the CPG column and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. (18 h), the oligonucleotides were purified by precipitating twice with 2.5 volumes of ethanol from a 0.5 M NaCl solution. Phosphinate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,270, herein incorporated by reference.

[0206] Alkyl phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,469,863, herein incorporated by reference.

[0207] 3′-Deoxy-3′-methylene phosphonate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,610,289 or 5,625,050, herein incorporated by reference.

[0208] Phosphoramidite oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,775 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,366,878, herein incorporated by reference.

[0209] Alkylphosphonothioate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in published PCT applications PCT/US94/00902 and PCT/US93/06976 (published as WO 94/17093 and WO 94/02499, respectively), herein incorporated by reference.

[0210] 3′-Deoxy-3′-amino phosphoramidate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,925, herein incorporated by reference.

[0211] Phosphotriester oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,243, herein incorporated by reference.

[0212] Borano phosphate oligonucleotides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,130,302 and 5,177,198, both herein incorporated by reference.

Example 3

[0213] Oligonucleoside Synthesis

[0214] Methylenemethylimino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MMI linked oligonucleosides, methylenedimethylhydrazo linked oligonucleosides, also identified as MDH linked oligonucleosides, and methylenecarbonylamino linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-3 linked oligonucleosides, and methyleneaminocarbonyl linked oligonucleosides, also identified as amide-4 linked oligonucleosides, as well as mixed backbone compounds having, for instance, alternating MMI and P═O or P═S linkages are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,378,825, 5,386,023, 5,489,677, 5,602,240 and 5,610,289, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.

[0215] Formacetal and thioformacetal linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,264,562 and 5,264,564, herein incorporated by reference.

[0216] Ethylene oxide linked oligonucleosides are prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,618, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 4

[0217] PNA Synthesis

[0218] Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are prepared in accordance with any of the various procedures referred to in Peptide Nucleic Acids (PNA): Synthesis, Properties and Potential Applications, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, 1996, 4, 5-23. They may also be prepared in accordance with U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,539,082, 5,700,922, and 5,719,262, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 5

[0219] Synthesis of Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[0220] Chimeric oligonucleotides, oligonucleosides or mixed oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides of the invention can be of several different types. These include a first type wherein the “gap” segment of linked nucleosides is positioned between 5′ and 3′ “wing” segments of linked nucleosides and a second “open end” type wherein the “gap” segment is located at either the 3′ or the 5′ terminus of the oligomeric compound. Oligonucleotides of the first type are also known in the art as “gapmers” or gapped oligonucleotides. Oligonucleotides of the second type are also known in the art as “hemimers” or “wingmers”.

[0221] [2′-O-Me]—[2′-deoxy]—[2′-O-Me] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[0222] Chimeric oligonucleotides having 2′-O-alkyl phosphorothioate and 2′-deoxy phosphorothioate oligonucleotide segments are synthesized using an Applied Biosystems automated DNA synthesizer Model 380B, as above. Oligonucleotides are synthesized using the automated synthesizer and 2′-deoxy-5′-dimethoxytrityl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for the DNA portion and 5′-dimethoxytrityl-2′-O-methyl-3′-O-phosphoramidite for 5′ and 3′ wings. The standard synthesis cycle is modified by increasing the wait step after the delivery of tetrazole and base to 600 s repeated four times for RNA and twice for 2′-O-methyl. The fully protected oligonucleotide is cleaved from the support and the phosphate group is deprotected in 3:1 ammonia/ethanol at room temperature overnight then lyophilized to dryness. Treatment in methanolic ammonia for 24 hrs at room temperature is then done to deprotect all bases and sample was again lyophilized to dryness. The pellet is resuspended in 1M TBAF in THF for 24 hrs at room temperature to deprotect the 2′ positions. The reaction is then quenched with 1M TEAA and the sample is then reduced to 1/2 volume by rotovac before being desalted on a G25 size exclusion column. The oligo recovered is then analyzed spectrophotometrically for yield and for purity by capillary electrophoresis and by mass spectrometry.

[0223] [2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)]—[2′-deoxy]—[2′-O-(Methoxyethyl)] Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides

[0224] [2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)]—[2′-deoxy]—[-2′-O-(methoxy-ethyl)] chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides were prepared as per the procedure above for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide, with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites.

[0225] [2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl)Phosphodiester]—[2′-deoxy Phosphorothioate]—[2′-O-(2-Methoxyethyl) Phosphodiester] Chimeric Oligonucleotides

[0226] [2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl phosphodiester]—[2′-deoxy phosphorothioate]—[2′-O-(methoxyethyl) phosphodiester] chimeric oligonucleotides are prepared as per the above procedure for the 2′-O-methyl chimeric oligonucleotide with the substitution of 2′-O-(methoxyethyl) amidites for the 2′-O-methyl amidites, oxidization with iodine to generate the phosphodiester internucleotide linkages within the wing portions of the chimeric structures and sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) to generate the phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages for the center gap.

[0227] Other chimeric oligonucleotides, chimeric oligonucleosides and mixed chimeric oligonucleotides/oligonucleosides are synthesized according to United States patent. 5,623,065, herein incorporated by reference.

Example 6 Oligonucleotide Isolation

[0228] After cleavage from the controlled pore glass column (Applied Biosystems) and deblocking in concentrated ammonium hydroxide at 55° C. for 18 hours, the oligonucleotides or oligonucleosides are purified by precipitation twice out of 0.5 M NaCl with 2.5 volumes ethanol. Synthesized oligonucleotides were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on denaturing gels and judged to be at least 85% full length material. The relative amounts of phosphorothioate and phosphodiester linkages obtained in synthesis were periodically checked by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and for some studies oligonucleotides were purified by HPLC, as described by Chiang et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1991, 266, 18162-18171. Results obtained with HPLC-purified material were similar to those obtained with non-HPLC purified material.

Example 7 Oligonucleotide Synthesis—96 Well Plate Format

[0229] Oligonucleotides were synthesized via solid phase P(III) phosphoramidite chemistry on an automated synthesizer capable of assembling 96 sequences simultaneously in a standard 96 well format. Phosphodiester internucleotide linkages were afforded by oxidation with aqueous iodine. Phosphorothioate internucleotide linkages were generated by sulfurization utilizing 3,H-1,2 benzodithiole-3-one 1,1 dioxide (Beaucage Reagent) in anhydrous acetonitrile. Standard base-protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites were purchased from commercial vendors (e.g. PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., or Pharmacia, Piscataway, N.J.). Non-standard nucleosides are synthesized as per known literature or patented methods. They are utilized as base protected beta-cyanoethyldiisopropyl phosphoramidites.

[0230] Oligonucleotides were cleaved from support and deprotected with concentrated NH₄OH at elevated temperature (55-60° C.) for 12-16 hours and the released product then dried in vacuo. The dried product was then re-suspended in sterile water to afford a master plate from which all analytical and test plate samples are then diluted utilizing robotic pipettors.

Example 8

[0231] Oligonucleotide Analysis—96 Well Plate Format

[0232] The concentration of oligonucleotide in each well was assessed by dilution of samples and UV absorption spectroscopy. The full-length integrity of the individual products was evaluated by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in either the 96 well format (Beckman P/ACE™ MDQ) or, for individually prepared samples, on a commercial CE apparatus (e.g., Beckman P/ACE™5000, ABI 270). Base and backbone composition was confirmed by mass analysis of the compounds utilizing electrospray-mass spectroscopy. All assay test plates were diluted from the master plate using single and multi-channel robotic pipettors. Plates were judged to be acceptable if at least 85% of the compounds on the plate were at least 85% full length.

Example 9

[0233] Cell Culture and Oligonucleotide Treatment

[0234] The effect of antisense compounds on target nucleic acid expression can be tested in any of a variety of cell types provided that the target nucleic acid is present at measurable levels. This can be routinely determined using, for example, PCR or Northern blot analysis. The following 6 cell types are provided for illustrative purposes, but other cell types can be routinely used, provided that the target is expressed in the cell type chosen. This can be readily determined by methods routine in the art, for example Northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease protection assays, or RT-PCR.

[0235] T-24 Cells:

[0236] The human transitional cell bladder carcinoma cell line T-24 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). T-24 cells were routinely cultured in complete McCoy's 5A basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 7000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

[0237] For Northern blotting or other analysis, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

[0238] A549 Cells:

[0239] The human lung carcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) (Manassas, Va.). A549 cells were routinely cultured in DMEM basal media (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.), penicillin 100 units per mL, and streptomycin 100 micrograms per mL (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence.

[0240] NHDF Cells:

[0241] Human neonatal dermal fibroblast (NHDF) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). NHDFs were routinely maintained in Fibroblast Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) supplemented as recommended by the supplier. Cells were maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

[0242] HEK Cells:

[0243] Human embryonic keratinocytes (HEK) were obtained from the Clonetics Corporation (Walkersville Md.). HEKs were routinely maintained in Keratinocyte Growth Medium (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville Md.) formulated as recommended by the supplier. Cells were routinely maintained for up to 10 passages as recommended by the supplier.

[0244] HuVEC Cells:

[0245] The human umbilical vein endothilial cell line HuVEC was obtained from the American Type Culure Collection (Manassas, Va.). HuVEC cells were routinely cultured in EBM (Clonetics Corporation Walkersville, Md.) supplemented with SingleQuots supplements (Clonetics Corporation, Walkersville, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence were maintained for up to 15 passages. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 10000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

[0246] For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

[0247] b.END Cells:

[0248] The mouse brain endothelial cell line b.END was obtained from Dr. Werner Risau at the Max Plank Instititute (Bad Nauheim, Germany). b.END cells were routinely cultured in DMEM, high glucose (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.). Cells were routinely passaged by trypsinization and dilution when they reached 90% confluence. Cells were seeded into 96-well plates (Falcon-Primaria #3872) at a density of 3000 cells/well for use in RT-PCR analysis.

[0249] For Northern blotting or other analyses, cells may be seeded onto 100 mm or other standard tissue culture plates and treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of medium and oligonucleotide.

[0250] Treatment with Antisense Compounds:

[0251] When cells reached 80% confluency, they were treated with oligonucleotide. For cells grown in 96-well plates, wells were washed once with 200 μL OPTI-MEM™-1 reduced-serum medium (Gibco BRL) and then treated with 130 μL of OPTI-MEM™-1 containing 3.75 μg/mL LIPOFECTIN™ (Gibco BRL) and the desired concentration of oligonucleotide. After 4-7 hours of treatment, the medium was replaced with fresh medium. Cells were harvested 16-24 hours after oligonucleotide treatment.

[0252] The concentration of oligonucleotide used varies from cell line to cell line. To determine the optimal oligonucleotide concentration for a particular cell line, the cells are treated with a positive control oligonucleotide at a range of concentrations. For human cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 13920, TCCGTCATCGCTCCTCAGGG, SEQ ID NO: 1, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to human H-ras. For mouse or rat cells the positive control oligonucleotide is ISIS 15770, ATGCATTCTGCCCCCAAGGA, SEQ ID NO: 2, a 2′-O-methoxyethyl gapmer (2′-O-methoxyethyls shown in bold) with a phosphorothioate backbone which is targeted to both mouse and rat c-raf. The concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 80% inhibition of c-Ha-ras (for ISIS 13920) or c-raf (for ISIS 15770) mRNA is then utilized as the screening concentration for new oligonucleotides in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 80% inhibition is not achieved, the lowest concentration of positive control oligonucleotide that results in 60% inhibition of H-ras or c-raf mRNA is then utilized as the oligonucleotide screening concentration in subsequent experiments for that cell line. If 60% inhibition is not achieved, that particular cell line is deemed as unsuitable for oligonucleotide transfection experiments.

Example 10

[0253] Analysis of Oligonucleotide Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Expression

[0254] Antisense modulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression can be assayed in a variety of ways known in the art. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA levels can be quantitated by, e.g., Northern blot analysis, competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Real-time quantitative PCR is presently preferred. RNA analysis can be performed on total cellular RNA or poly(A)+ mRNA. Methods of RNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.1.1-4.2.9 and 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Northern blot analysis is routine in the art and is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996. Real-time quantitative (PCR) can be conveniently accomplished using the commercially available ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System, available from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. and used according to manufacturer's instructions.

[0255] Protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 can be quantitated in a variety of ways well known in the art, such as immunoprecipitation, Western blot analysis (immunoblotting), ELISA or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Antibodies directed to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 can be identified and obtained from a variety of sources, such as the MSRS catalog of antibodies (Aerie Corporation, Birmingham, Mich.), or can be prepared via conventional antibody generation methods. Methods for preparation of polyclonal antisera are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.12.1-11.12.9, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Preparation of monoclonal antibodies is taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.4.1-11.11.5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.

[0256] Immunoprecipitation methods are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.16.1-10.16.11, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis is standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 10.8.1-10.8.21, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are standard in the art and can be found at, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 2, pp. 11.2.1-11.2.22, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991.

Example 11

[0257] Poly(A)+ mRNA Isolation

[0258] Poly(A)+mRNA was isolated according to Miura et al., Clin. Chem., 1996, 42, 1758-1764. Other methods for poly(A)+mRNA isolation are taught in, for example, Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Volume 1, pp. 4.5.1-4.5.3, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1993. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 60 μL lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5% NP-40, 20 mM vanadyl-ribonucleoside complex) was added to each well, the plate was gently agitated and then incubated at room temperature for five minutes. 55 μL of lysate was transferred to Oligo d(T) coated 96-well plates (AGCT Inc., Irvine Calif.). Plates were incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature, washed 3 times with 200 μL of wash buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 mM EDTA, 0.3 M NaCl). After the final wash, the plate was blotted on paper towels to remove excess wash buffer and then air-dried for 5 minutes. 60 μL of elution buffer (5 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6), preheated to 70° C. was added to each well, the plate was incubated on a 90° C. hot plate for 5 minutes, and the eluate was then transferred to a fresh 96-well plate.

[0259] Cells grown on 100 mm or other standard plates may be treated similarly, using appropriate volumes of all solutions.

Example 12 Total RNA Isolation

[0260] Total RNA was isolated using an RNEASY 96™ kit and buffers purchased from Qiagen Inc. (Valencia Calif.) following the manufacturer's recommended procedures. Briefly, for cells grown on 96-well plates, growth medium was removed from the cells and each well was washed with 200 μL cold PBS. 100 μL Buffer RLT was added to each well and the plate vigorously agitated for 20 seconds. 100 μL of 70% ethanol was then added to each well and the contents mixed by pipetting three times up and down. The samples were then transferred to the RNEASY 96™ well plate attached to a QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a waste collection tray and attached to a vacuum source. Vacuum was applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RW1 was added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum again applied for 15 seconds. 1 mL of Buffer RPE was then added to each well of the RNEASY 96™ plate and the vacuum applied for a period of 15 seconds. The Buffer RPE wash was then repeated and the vacuum was applied for an additional 10 minutes. The plate was then removed from the QIAVAC™ manifold and blotted dry on paper towels. The plate was then re-attached to the QIAVAC™ manifold fitted with a collection tube rack containing 1.2 mL collection tubes. RNA was then eluted by pipetting 60 μL water into each well, incubating 1 minute, and then applying the vacuum for 30 seconds. The elution step was repeated with an additional 60 μL water.

[0261] The repetitive pipetting and elution steps may be automated using a QIAGEN Bio-Robot 9604 (Qiagen, Inc., Valencia Calif.). Essentially, after lysing of the cells on the culture plate, the plate is transferred to the robot deck where the pipetting, DNase treatment and elution steps are carried out.

Example 13 Real-Time Quantitative PCR Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 mRNA Levels

[0262] Quantitation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA levels was determined by real-time quantitative PCR using the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to manufacturer's instructions. This is a closed-tube, non-gel-based, fluorescence detection system which allows high-throughput quantitation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products in real-time. As opposed to standard PCR, in which amplification products are quantitated after the PCR is completed, products in real-time quantitative PCR are quantitated as they accumulate. This is accomplished by including in the PCR reaction an oligonucleotide probe that anneals specifically between the forward and reverse PCR primers, and contains two fluorescent dyes. A reporter dye (e.g., JOE, FAM, or VIC, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 5′ end of the probe and a quencher dye (e.g., TAMRA, obtained from either Operon Technologies Inc., Alameda, Calif. or PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is attached to the 3′ end of the probe. When the probe and dyes are intact, reporter dye emission is quenched by the proximity of the 3′ quencher dye. During amplification, annealing of the probe to the target sequence creates a substrate that can be cleaved by the 5′-exonuclease activity of Taq polymerase. During the extension phase of the PCR amplification cycle, cleavage of the probe by Taq polymerase releases the reporter dye from the remainder of the probe (and hence from the quencher moiety) and a sequence-specific fluorescent signal is generated. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from their respective probes, and the fluorescence intensity is monitored at regular intervals by laser optics built into the ABI PRISM™ 7700 Sequence Detection System. In each assay, a series of parallel reactions containing serial dilutions of mRNA from untreated control samples generates a standard curve that is used to quantitate the percent inhibition after antisense oligonucleotide treatment of test samples.

[0263] Prior to quantitative PCR analysis, primer-probe sets specific to the target gene being measured are evaluated for their ability to be “multiplexed” with a GAPDH amplification reaction. In multiplexing, both the target gene and the internal standard gene GAPDH are amplified concurrently in a single sample. In this analysis, mRNA isolated from untreated cells is serially diluted. Each dilution is amplified in the presence of primer-probe sets specific for GAPDH only, target gene only (“single-plexing”), or both (multiplexing). Following PCR amplification, standard curves of GAPDH and target mRNA signal as a function of dilution are generated from both the single-plexed and multiplexed samples. If both the slope and correlation coefficient of the GAPDH and target signals generated from the multiplexed samples fall within 10% of their corresponding values generated from the single-plexed samples, the primer-probe set specific for that target is deemed multiplexable. Other methods of PCR are also known in the art.

[0264] PCR reagents were obtained from PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif. RT-PCR reactions were carried out by adding 25 μL PCR cocktail (1× TAQMAN™ buffer A, 5.5 mM MgCl₂, 300 μM each of dATP, dCTP and dGTP, 600 μM of dUTP, 100 nM each of forward primer, reverse primer, and probe, 20 Units RNAse inhibitor, 1.25 Units AMPLITAQ GOLD™, and 12.5 Units MuLV reverse transcriptase) to 96 well plates containing 25 μL total RNA solution. The RT reaction was carried out by incubation for 30 minutes at 48° C. Following a 10 minute incubation at 95° C. to activate the AMPLITAQ GOLD™, 40 cycles of a two-step PCR protocol were carried out: 95° C. for 15 seconds (denaturation) followed by 60° C. for 1.5 minutes (annealing/extension).

[0265] Gene target quantities obtained by real time RT-PCR are normalized using either the expression level of GAPDH, a gene whose expression is constant, or by quantifying total RNA using RiboGreen™ (Molecular Probes, Inc. Eugene, Oreg.). GAPDH expression is quantified by real time RT-PCR, by being run simultaneously with the target, multiplexing, or separately. Total RNA is quantified using RiboGreen™ RNA quantification reagent from Molecular Probes. Methods of RNA quantification by RiboGreen™ are taught in Jones, L. J., et al, Analytical Biochemistry, 1998, 265, 368-374.

[0266] In this assay, 175 μL of RiboGreen™ working reagent (RiboGreen™ reagent diluted 1:2865 in 10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) is pipetted into a 96-well plate containing 25 uL purified, cellular RNA. The plate is read in a CytoFluor 4000 (PE Applied Biosystems) with excitation at 480 nm and emission at 520 nm.

[0267] Probes and primers to human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 were designed to hybridize to a human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number NM_(—)002019, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:3). For human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 the PCR primers were: forward primer: CCCTCGCCGGAAGTTGTA (SEQ ID NO: 4) reverse primer: ATAATTAACGAGTAGCCACGAGTCAA (SEQ ID NO: 5) and the PCR probe was: FAM-ACCTGCGACTGAGAAATCTGCTCGCT-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 6) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For human GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC (SEQ ID NO: 7) reverse primer: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC (SEQ ID NO: 8) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-CAAGCTTCCCGTTCTCAGCC-TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 9) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

[0268] Probes and primers to mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 were designed to hybridize to a mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 sequence, using published sequence information (GenBank accession number L07297, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO:10). For mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 the PCR primers were: forward primer: CAATGTGGAGAGCCGAGACAA (SEQ ID NO:11) reverse primer: GAGGTGTTGAAAGACTGGAACGA (SEQ ID NO: 12) and the PCR probe was: FAM-ACACCTGTCGCGTGAAGAGTGGGTC-TAMRA (SEQ ID NO: 13) where FAM (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMPA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye. For mouse GAPDH the PCR primers were: forward primer: GGCAAATTCAACGGCACAGT (SEQ ID NO: 14) reverse primer: GGGTCTCGCTCCTGGAAGAT (SEQ ID NO: 15) and the PCR probe was: 5′ JOE-AAGGCCGAGAATGGGAAGCTTGTCATC-TAMRA 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 16) where JOE (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the fluorescent reporter dye) and TAMRA (PE-Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) is the quencher dye.

Example 14 Northern Blot Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 mRNA Levels

[0269] Eighteen hours after antisense treatment, cell monolayers were washed twice with cold PBS and lysed in 1 mL RNAZOL™ (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). Total RNA was prepared following manufacturer's recommended protocols. Twenty micrograms of total RNA was fractionated by electrophoresis through 1.2% agarose gels containing 1.1% formaldehyde using a MOPS buffer system (AMRESCO, Inc. Solon, Ohio). RNA was transferred from the gel to HYBOND™-N+nylon membranes (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.) by overnight capillary transfer using a Northern/Southern Transfer buffer system (TEL-TEST “B” Inc., Friendswood, Tex.). RNA transfer was confirmed by UV visualization. Membranes were fixed by UV cross-linking using a STRATALINKER™ UV Crosslinker 2400 (Stratagene, Inc, La Jolla, Calif.) and then probed using QUICKHYB™ hybridization solution (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) using manufacturer's recommendations for stringent conditions.

[0270] To detect human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, a human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CCCTCGCCGGAAGTTGTA (SEQ ID NO: 4) and the reverse primer ATAATTAACGAGTAGCCACGAGTCAA (SEQ ID NO: 5). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

[0271] To detect mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, a mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 specific probe was prepared by PCR using the forward primer CAATGTGGAGAGCCGAGACAA (SEQ ID NO:11) and the reverse primer GAGGTGTTGAAAGACTGGAACGA (SEQ ID NO: 12). To normalize for variations in loading and transfer efficiency membranes were stripped and probed for mouse glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) RNA (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

[0272] Hybridized membranes were visualized and quantitated using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ and IMAGEQUANT™ Software V3.3 (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). Data was normalized to GAPDH levels in untreated controls.

Example 15 Antisense Inhibition of Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap

[0273] In accordance with the present invention, a series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number NM_(—)002019, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 3, GenBank accession number D64016, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 17, GenBank accession number D00133, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 18, GenBank accession number U01134, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 19, GenBank accession number AI188382, the complement of which is incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 20, and GenBank accession number S77812, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 21). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 1. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 1 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 21-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”. TABLE 1 Inhibition of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE % INHIB SEQ ID NO 142624 Start Codon 3  239 gctgaccatggtgagcgcga 89 22 142625 Coding 3  326 aggatcttttaattttgaac 35 23 142626 Coding 3  346 gtgccttttaaactcagttc 85 24 142627 Coding 3  352 tgctgggtgccttttaaact 84 25 142628 Coding 3  530 gtttgcttgagctgtgttca 90 26 142629 Coding 3  585 ccttcttctttgaagtaggt 80 27 142630 Coding 3  636 cgaaaggtctacctgtatca 91 28 142631 Coding 3  814 gatatgatgaagccctttct 88 29 142632 Coding 3  862 actgttgcttcacaggtcag 92 30 142633 Coding 3  991 gcagtacaattgaggacaag 91 31 142634 Coding 3 1083 tttggtcaattcgtcgcctt 88 32 142635 Coding 3 1165 cgacaagtataaagtccttt 84 33 142636 Coding 3 1195 acagatttgaatgatggtcc 89 34 142637 Coding 3 1236 cagtgatgaatgctttatca 92 35 142638 Coding 3 1408 ttgataattaacgagtagcc 91 36 142639 Coding 3 1464 actgttttatgctcagcaag 94 37 142640 Coding 3 1486 gtgaggtttttaaacacatt 69 38 142641 Coding 3 1494 gagtggcagtgaggttttta 76 39 142642 Coding 3 1502 gacaattagagtggcagtga 86 40 142643 Coding 3 1510 ttcacattgacaattagagt 87 41 142644 Coding 3 1574 gctgcccagtgggtagagag 78 42 142645 Coding 3 1580 ttgtctgctgcccagtgggt 83 43 142646 Coding 3 1628 ccacttgattgtaggttgag 80 44 142647 Coding 3 1723 atgttgctgtcagcatccag 82 45 142648 Coding 3 1745 gatgctctcaattctgtttc 82 46 142649 Coding 3 1757 catgcgctgagtgatgctct  0 47 142650 Coding 3 1855 ccaactttattggaagctat 90 48 142651 Coding 3 1956 acagtttcaggtcctctcct 73 49 142652 Coding 3 2009 ccgcagtaaaatccaagtaa 89 50 142653 Coding 3 2051 ttgcttgctaatactgtagt 74 51 142654 Coding 3 2143 gctctgcaggcataggtgcc 62 52 142655 Coding 3 2149 ttcctggctctgcaggcata 87 53 142656 Coding 3 2165 ttcccctgtgtatacattcc 86 54 142657 Coding 3 2177 ctggaggatttcttcccctg 88 55 142658 Coding 3 2365 cctggtcctaaaataattcc 48 56 142659 Coding 3 2389 ctttcaataaacagcgtgct 46 57 142660 Coding 3 2395 gtgactctttcaataaacag 48 58 142661 Coding 3 2403 cctcttctgtgactctttca 61 59 142662 Coding 3 2692 tcccacttgctggcatcata 64 60 142663 Coding 3 2698 gcaaactcccacttgctggc 57 61 142664 Coding 3 2787 gtgatttcttaatgccaaat 49 62 142665 Coding 3 2812 ttcacagccacagtccggca 78 63 142666 Coding 3 2860 gtcatcagagctttgtactc 51 64 142667 Coding 3 2933 ttgcttggtgcaggctccca 82 65 142668 Coding 3 2941 ggccctccttgcttggtgca 39 66 142669 Coding 3 2947 atcagaggccctccttgctt 47 67 142670 Coding 3 2953 atcaccatcagaggccctcc 73 68 142671 Coding 3 3002 tttgctcttgaggtagttgg 37 69 142672 Coding 3 3008 gtcacgtttgctcttgaggt 54 70 142673 Coding 3 3013 aataagtcacgtttgctctt 52 71 142674 Coding 3 3262 tccatgcctctggccacttg 76 72 142675 Coding 3 3292 cgatgaatgcactttctgga 57 73 142676 Coding 3 3299 caggtcccgatgaatgcact 53 74 142677 Coding 3 3306 tcgctgccaggtcccgatga 86 75 142678 Coding 3 3313 atgtttctcgctgccaggtc 56 76 142679 Coding 3 3379 ttcttataaatatcccgggc 15 77 142680 Coding 3 3439 gattcgggagccatccattt 47 78 142681 Coding 3 3737 gtagtctttaccatcctgtt 55 79 142682 Coding 3 3742 gggatgtagtctttaccatc 22 80 142683 Coding 3 3905 gattctttccaggctcatga 59 81 142684 Coding 3 3911 ggttttgattctttccaggc 41 82 142685 Coding 3 3949 tcaaacatggaggtggcatt 51 83 142686 Stop Codon 3 4255 gtcaaactctagatgggtgg 42 84 142687 3′UTR 3 4420 ttacattcttgttagtcaaa 43 85 142688 3′UTR 3 5739 ttgcataaatagcatcaaac 44 86 142689 3′UTR 3 6117 agtcttccacaaaagccgct 52 87 142690 3′UTR 3 6905 atgaggctagcgagtatctg 48 88 142691 5′UTR 17   357 cagggcacttgaactttatt 29 89 142692 Intron 17  1699 gcagcggccccaagcgtgcc 61 90 142693 Intron 18   149 gagcctctctacaaatacag 45 91 142694 Coding 19  2235 tccgagagaaaacagccttt 62 92 142695 3′UTR 19  2323 gagacaactgttacttttta 50 93 142696 3′UTR 19  2384 gggaggagcatctcctccga 27 94 142697 3′UTR 19  2468 agcagccccctcggcctgaa 64 95 142698 3′UTR 19  2600 ttggcatcaaaatggaaagg 55 96 142699 Exon 20   203 tggtgatgatgacgatgacg 49 97 142700 Exon 20   519 caccatgcccggctaatttt 78 98 142701 Stop Codon 21   195 ccgatgaggtagagttctat 60 99

[0274] As shown in Table 1, SEQ ID NOs 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98 and 99 demonstrated at least 45% inhibition of human vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression in this assay and are therefore preferred. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting by compounds of the present invention.

Example 16

[0275] Antisense Inhibition of Mouse Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Expression by Chimeric Phosphorothioate Oligonucleotides Having 2′-MOE Wings and a Deoxy Gap.

[0276] In accordance with the present invention, a second series of oligonucleotides were designed to target different regions of the mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 RNA, using published sequences (GenBank accession number L07297, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 10, GenBank accession number D88690, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 100, and GenBank accession number AJ224863, incorporated herein as SEQ ID NO: 101). The oligonucleotides are shown in Table 2. “Target site” indicates the first (5′-most) nucleotide number on the particular target sequence to which the oligonucleotide binds. All compounds in Table 2 are chimeric oligonucleotides (“gapmers”) 20 nucleotides in length, composed of a central “gap” region consisting of ten 2′-deoxynucleotides, which is flanked on both sides (5′ and 3′ directions) by five-nucleotide “wings”. The wings are composed of 2′-methoxyethyl (2′-MOE)nucleotides. The internucleoside (backbone) linkages are phosphorothioate (P═S) throughout the oligonucleotide. All cytidine residues are 5-methylcytidines. The compounds were analyzed for their effect on mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA levels by quantitative real-time PCR as described in other examples herein. Data are averages from two experiments. If present, “N.D.” indicates “no data”. TABLE 2 Inhibition of mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 mRNA levels by chimeric phosphorothioate oligonucleotides having 2′-MOE wings and a deoxy gap TARGET TARGET ISIS # REGION SEQ ID NO SITE SEQUENCE % INHIB SEQ ID NO 142626 Coding 10  123 gtgccttttaaactcagttc 74  24 142627 Coding 10  129 tgctgggtgccttttaaact 94  25 142641 Coding 10 1274 gagtggcagtgaggttttta 19  39 142648 Coding 10 1525 gatgctctcaattctgtttc 94  46 142651 Coding 10 1736 acagtttcaggtcctctcct 90  49 142658 Coding 10 2145 cctggtcctaaaataattcc 68  56 142659 Coding 10 2169 ctttcaataaacagcgtgct 61  57 142660 Coding 10 2175 gtgactctttcaataaacag 69  58 142662 Coding 10 2472 tcccacttgctggcatcata 87  60 142663 Coding 10 2478 gcaaactcccacttgctggc 84  61 142664 Coding 10 2567 gtgatttcttaatgccaaat 68  62 142665 Coding 10 2592 ttcacagccacagtccggca 78  63 142666 Coding 10 2640 gtcatcagagctttgtactc 67  64 142669 Coding 10 2727 atcagaggccctccttgctt 83  67 142670 Coding 10 2733 atcaccatcagaggccctcc 85  68 142671 Coding 10 2782 tttgctcttgaggtagttgg 76  69 142673 Coding 10 2793 aataagtcacgtttgctctt 65  71 142674 Coding 10 3039 tccatgcctctggccacttg 83  72 142675 Coding 10 3069 cgatgaatgcactttctgga 20  73 142677 Coding 10 3083 tcgctgccaggtcccgatga 88  75 142678 Coding 10 3090 atgtttctcgctgccaggtc 72  76 142679 Coding 10 3156 ttcttataaatatcccgggc  6  77 142683 Coding 10 3682 gattctttccaggctcatga 77  81 142684 Coding 10 3688 ggttttgattctttccaggc 74  82 142687 3′UTR 10 4171 ttacattcttgttagtcaaa 61  85 142961 Start Codon 10  18 cagctgaccatggtgagcaa 94 102 142962 Coding 10  73 tcctgtgagaagcagacacc 90 103 142963 Coding 10  169 tctgcacttgagaaagagag 84 104 142964 Coding 10  321 aggcccgtgtggttggcctg 86 105 142965 5′UTR 101   395 agccaaaaccatctataact 23 106 142966 Coding 10  413 aaggactccctgcatcacta 91 107 142967 Coding 10  587 taaagcctctcctactgtcc 96 108 142968 Coding 10  605 acgttgcatttgctattata 89 109 142969 5′UTR 101   682 accaagacacacaacgtgga 39 110 142970 Coding 10  692 tattggtctgccgatgggtc 88 111 142971 Coding 10  710 tttggacatctaggattgta  9 112 142972 5′UTR 101   802 ttctaagaggtctgctcagc 69 113 142973 Coding 10  834 ctcttagttgctttaccagg 93 114 142974 Coding 10 1098 gggaaggccttcactttcat 93 115 142975 Coding 10 1369 agtgaggacttgtctgctgc 93 116 142976 Coding 10 1391 gagggatgccatacacggtg 47 117 142977 5′UTR 101  1476 actgactcgaatgttcttgg 12 118 142978 Coding 10 1592 gagagtcagccaccaccaat 91 119 142979 Coding 10 1772 taatgtctctgtacaggaat 86 120 142980 Coding 10 1878 atgacaaggttcagagtgat 72 121 142981 Coding 10 1945 ttcccctgtgtatatgttcc 90 122 142982 5′UTR 101  1959 tcctagggaagctggccgcg 53 123 142983 Coding 10 2016 tcactgaggttttgaagcag 75 124 142984 Coding 10 2097 ttgaaccaagtgatctgagg 67 125 142985 Coding 10 2160 aacagcgtgctgtttcctgg 73 126 142986 Coding 10 2216 ggttggtggctcggcaccta 88 127 142987 Coding 100  2272 acaatcattcctcctgcttt 86 128 142988 Coding 10 2275 tgacttgtctgaggttcctt 56 129 142989 Coding 10 2340 gttagaaggagccaaaagag 63 130 142990 Coding 10 2382 tttacttcggaagaagaccg 75 131 142991 3′UTR 100  2407 atgtccaaactcattttggg 80 132 142992 Coding 10 2577 cggcaggtgggtgatttctt 81 133 142993 3′UTR 100  2639 cagcttcacaacttaaaaat 79 134 142994 Coding 10 2670 tggccgatgtgggtcaagat 76 135 142995 3′UTR 100  2819 gttatccaggaactatttac 84 136 142996 3′UTR 100  2834 taagcattataacttgttat 79 137 142997 Coding 10 2895 ctgctgacactgtctaggcg 77 138 142998 3′UTR 100  2913 cttagaaccctccagtttaa 82 139 142999 3′UTR 100  3043 aggaaacacacgtgtaatta 82 140 143000 Coding 10 3052 ggaggacagaaactccatgc 72 141 143001 Coding 10 3107 tgttctcagataaaaggatg 60 142 143002 Coding 10 3233 agaccttgtcaaagatggat 68 143 143003 3′UTR 100  3252 agattgcattaaatctccac 73 144 143004 3′UTR 100  3282 catgggtagatttttcaata 85 145 143005 Coding 10 3322 catttgcactcctgggtatg 81 146 143006 Coding 10 3396 tagatttcaggtgtggcata 72 147 143007 Coding 10 3464 tctccacaagttcagcaaac 47 148 143008 Coding 10 3701 aaagctcctcaaaggttttg 81 149 143009 Coding 10 3855 cccgcctccttgcttttact 80 150 143010 Coding 10 3996 gaggagtacaacaccacgga 75 151 143011 Stop Codon 10 4018 tgagaagctttaggcgggcg 68 152 143012 3′UTR 10 4320 gtcccacagctgcagggagg 67 153 143013 3′UTR 10 6036 cctggctgatcaactttcat 80 154

[0277] As shown in Table 2, SEQ ID NOs 24, 25, 46, 49, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 71, 72, 75, 76, 81, 82, 85, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 and 154 demonstrated at least 60% inhibition of mouse vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 expression in this experiment and are therefore preferred. The target sites to which these preferred sequences are complementary are herein referred to as “active sites” and are therefore preferred sites for targeting by compounds of the present invention.

Example 17

[0278] Western Blot Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Protein Levels

[0279] Western blot analysis (immunoblot analysis) is carried out using standard methods. Cells are harvested 16-20 h after oligonucleotide treatment, washed once with PBS, suspended in Laemmli buffer (100 ul/well), boiled for 5 minutes and loaded on a 16% SDS-PAGE gel. Gels are run for 1.5 hours at 150 V, and transferred to membrane for western blotting. Appropriate primary antibody directed to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is used, with a radiolabelled or fluorescently labeled secondary antibody directed against the primary antibody species. Bands are visualized using a PHOSPHORIMAGER™ (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale Calif.).

1 154 1 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 1 tccgtcatcg ctcctcaggg 20 2 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 2 atgcattctg cccccaagga 20 3 7680 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (250)...(4266) 3 gcggacactc ctctcggctc ctccccggca gcggcggcgg ctcggagcgg gctccggggc 60 tcgggtgcag cggccagcgg gcctggcggc gaggattacc cggggaagtg gttgtctcct 120 ggctggagcc gcgagacggg cgctcagggc gcggggccgg cggcggcgaa cgagaggacg 180 gactctggcg gccgggtcgt tggccggggg agcgcgggca ccgggcgagc aggccgcgtc 240 gcgctcacc atg gtc agc tac tgg gac acc ggg gtc ctg ctg tgc gcg ctg 291 Met Val Ser Tyr Trp Asp Thr Gly Val Leu Leu Cys Ala Leu 1 5 10 ctc agc tgt ctg ctt ctc aca gga tct agt tca ggt tca aaa tta aaa 339 Leu Ser Cys Leu Leu Leu Thr Gly Ser Ser Ser Gly Ser Lys Leu Lys 15 20 25 30 gat cct gaa ctg agt tta aaa ggc acc cag cac atc atg caa gca ggc 387 Asp Pro Glu Leu Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Gln His Ile Met Gln Ala Gly 35 40 45 cag aca ctg cat ctc caa tgc agg ggg gaa gca gcc cat aaa tgg tct 435 Gln Thr Leu His Leu Gln Cys Arg Gly Glu Ala Ala His Lys Trp Ser 50 55 60 ttg cct gaa atg gtg agt aag gaa agc gaa agg ctg agc ata act aaa 483 Leu Pro Glu Met Val Ser Lys Glu Ser Glu Arg Leu Ser Ile Thr Lys 65 70 75 tct gcc tgt gga aga aat ggc aaa caa ttc tgc agt act tta acc ttg 531 Ser Ala Cys Gly Arg Asn Gly Lys Gln Phe Cys Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu 80 85 90 aac aca gct caa gca aac cac act ggc ttc tac agc tgc aaa tat cta 579 Asn Thr Ala Gln Ala Asn His Thr Gly Phe Tyr Ser Cys Lys Tyr Leu 95 100 105 110 gct gta cct act tca aag aag aag gaa aca gaa tct gca atc tat ata 627 Ala Val Pro Thr Ser Lys Lys Lys Glu Thr Glu Ser Ala Ile Tyr Ile 115 120 125 ttt att agt gat aca ggt aga cct ttc gta gag atg tac agt gaa atc 675 Phe Ile Ser Asp Thr Gly Arg Pro Phe Val Glu Met Tyr Ser Glu Ile 130 135 140 ccc gaa att ata cac atg act gaa gga agg gag ctc gtc att ccc tgc 723 Pro Glu Ile Ile His Met Thr Glu Gly Arg Glu Leu Val Ile Pro Cys 145 150 155 cgg gtt acg tca cct aac atc act gtt act tta aaa aag ttt cca ctt 771 Arg Val Thr Ser Pro Asn Ile Thr Val Thr Leu Lys Lys Phe Pro Leu 160 165 170 gac act ttg atc cct gat gga aaa cgc ata atc tgg gac agt aga aag 819 Asp Thr Leu Ile Pro Asp Gly Lys Arg Ile Ile Trp Asp Ser Arg Lys 175 180 185 190 ggc ttc atc ata tca aat gca acg tac aaa gaa ata ggg ctt ctg acc 867 Gly Phe Ile Ile Ser Asn Ala Thr Tyr Lys Glu Ile Gly Leu Leu Thr 195 200 205 tgt gaa gca aca gtc aat ggg cat ttg tat aag aca aac tat ctc aca 915 Cys Glu Ala Thr Val Asn Gly His Leu Tyr Lys Thr Asn Tyr Leu Thr 210 215 220 cat cga caa acc aat aca atc ata gat gtc caa ata agc aca cca cgc 963 His Arg Gln Thr Asn Thr Ile Ile Asp Val Gln Ile Ser Thr Pro Arg 225 230 235 cca gtc aaa tta ctt aga ggc cat act ctt gtc ctc aat tgt act gct 1011 Pro Val Lys Leu Leu Arg Gly His Thr Leu Val Leu Asn Cys Thr Ala 240 245 250 acc act ccc ttg aac acg aga gtt caa atg acc tgg agt tac cct gat 1059 Thr Thr Pro Leu Asn Thr Arg Val Gln Met Thr Trp Ser Tyr Pro Asp 255 260 265 270 gaa aaa aat aag aga gct tcc gta agg cga cga att gac caa agc aat 1107 Glu Lys Asn Lys Arg Ala Ser Val Arg Arg Arg Ile Asp Gln Ser Asn 275 280 285 tcc cat gcc aac ata ttc tac agt gtt ctt act att gac aaa atg cag 1155 Ser His Ala Asn Ile Phe Tyr Ser Val Leu Thr Ile Asp Lys Met Gln 290 295 300 aac aaa gac aaa gga ctt tat act tgt cgt gta agg agt gga cca tca 1203 Asn Lys Asp Lys Gly Leu Tyr Thr Cys Arg Val Arg Ser Gly Pro Ser 305 310 315 ttc aaa tct gtt aac acc tca gtg cat ata tat gat aaa gca ttc atc 1251 Phe Lys Ser Val Asn Thr Ser Val His Ile Tyr Asp Lys Ala Phe Ile 320 325 330 act gtg aaa cat cga aaa cag cag gtg ctt gaa acc gta gct ggc aag 1299 Thr Val Lys His Arg Lys Gln Gln Val Leu Glu Thr Val Ala Gly Lys 335 340 345 350 cgg tct tac cgg ctc tct atg aaa gtg aag gca ttt ccc tcg ccg gaa 1347 Arg Ser Tyr Arg Leu Ser Met Lys Val Lys Ala Phe Pro Ser Pro Glu 355 360 365 gtt gta tgg tta aaa gat ggg tta cct gcg act gag aaa tct gct cgc 1395 Val Val Trp Leu Lys Asp Gly Leu Pro Ala Thr Glu Lys Ser Ala Arg 370 375 380 tat ttg act cgt ggc tac tcg tta att atc aag gac gta act gaa gag 1443 Tyr Leu Thr Arg Gly Tyr Ser Leu Ile Ile Lys Asp Val Thr Glu Glu 385 390 395 gat gca ggg aat tat aca atc ttg ctg agc ata aaa cag tca aat gtg 1491 Asp Ala Gly Asn Tyr Thr Ile Leu Leu Ser Ile Lys Gln Ser Asn Val 400 405 410 ttt aaa aac ctc act gcc act cta att gtc aat gtg aaa ccc cag att 1539 Phe Lys Asn Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Ile Val Asn Val Lys Pro Gln Ile 415 420 425 430 tac gaa aag gcc gtg tca tcg ttt cca gac ccg gct ctc tac cca ctg 1587 Tyr Glu Lys Ala Val Ser Ser Phe Pro Asp Pro Ala Leu Tyr Pro Leu 435 440 445 ggc agc aga caa atc ctg act tgt acc gca tat ggt atc cct caa cct 1635 Gly Ser Arg Gln Ile Leu Thr Cys Thr Ala Tyr Gly Ile Pro Gln Pro 450 455 460 aca atc aag tgg ttc tgg cac ccc tgt aac cat aat cat tcc gaa gca 1683 Thr Ile Lys Trp Phe Trp His Pro Cys Asn His Asn His Ser Glu Ala 465 470 475 agg tgt gac ttt tgt tcc aat aat gaa gag tcc ttt atc ctg gat gct 1731 Arg Cys Asp Phe Cys Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Ser Phe Ile Leu Asp Ala 480 485 490 gac agc aac atg gga aac aga att gag agc atc act cag cgc atg gca 1779 Asp Ser Asn Met Gly Asn Arg Ile Glu Ser Ile Thr Gln Arg Met Ala 495 500 505 510 ata ata gaa gga aag aat aag atg gct agc acc ttg gtt gtg gct gac 1827 Ile Ile Glu Gly Lys Asn Lys Met Ala Ser Thr Leu Val Val Ala Asp 515 520 525 tct aga att tct gga atc tac att tgc ata gct tcc aat aaa gtt ggg 1875 Ser Arg Ile Ser Gly Ile Tyr Ile Cys Ile Ala Ser Asn Lys Val Gly 530 535 540 act gtg gga aga aac ata agc ttt tat atc aca gat gtg cca aat ggg 1923 Thr Val Gly Arg Asn Ile Ser Phe Tyr Ile Thr Asp Val Pro Asn Gly 545 550 555 ttt cat gtt aac ttg gaa aaa atg ccg acg gaa gga gag gac ctg aaa 1971 Phe His Val Asn Leu Glu Lys Met Pro Thr Glu Gly Glu Asp Leu Lys 560 565 570 ctg tct tgc aca gtt aac aag ttc tta tac aga gac gtt act tgg att 2019 Leu Ser Cys Thr Val Asn Lys Phe Leu Tyr Arg Asp Val Thr Trp Ile 575 580 585 590 tta ctg cgg aca gtt aat aac aga aca atg cac tac agt att agc aag 2067 Leu Leu Arg Thr Val Asn Asn Arg Thr Met His Tyr Ser Ile Ser Lys 595 600 605 caa aaa atg gcc atc act aag gag cac tcc atc act ctt aat ctt acc 2115 Gln Lys Met Ala Ile Thr Lys Glu His Ser Ile Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr 610 615 620 atc atg aat gtt tcc ctg caa gat tca ggc acc tat gcc tgc aga gcc 2163 Ile Met Asn Val Ser Leu Gln Asp Ser Gly Thr Tyr Ala Cys Arg Ala 625 630 635 agg aat gta tac aca ggg gaa gaa atc ctc cag aag aaa gaa att aca 2211 Arg Asn Val Tyr Thr Gly Glu Glu Ile Leu Gln Lys Lys Glu Ile Thr 640 645 650 atc aga gat cag gaa gca cca tac ctc ctg cga aac ctc agt gat cac 2259 Ile Arg Asp Gln Glu Ala Pro Tyr Leu Leu Arg Asn Leu Ser Asp His 655 660 665 670 aca gtg gcc atc agc agt tcc acc act tta gac tgt cat gct aat ggt 2307 Thr Val Ala Ile Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu Asp Cys His Ala Asn Gly 675 680 685 gtc ccc gag cct cag atc act tgg ttt aaa aac aac cac aaa ata caa 2355 Val Pro Glu Pro Gln Ile Thr Trp Phe Lys Asn Asn His Lys Ile Gln 690 695 700 caa gag cct gga att att tta gga cca gga agc agc acg ctg ttt att 2403 Gln Glu Pro Gly Ile Ile Leu Gly Pro Gly Ser Ser Thr Leu Phe Ile 705 710 715 gaa aga gtc aca gaa gag gat gaa ggt gtc tat cac tgc aaa gcc acc 2451 Glu Arg Val Thr Glu Glu Asp Glu Gly Val Tyr His Cys Lys Ala Thr 720 725 730 aac cag aag ggc tct gtg gaa agt tca gca tac ctc act gtt caa gga 2499 Asn Gln Lys Gly Ser Val Glu Ser Ser Ala Tyr Leu Thr Val Gln Gly 735 740 745 750 acc tcg gac aag tct aat ctg gag ctg atc act cta aca tgc acc tgt 2547 Thr Ser Asp Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Ile Thr Leu Thr Cys Thr Cys 755 760 765 gtg gct gcg act ctc ttc tgg ctc cta tta acc ctc ctt atc cga aaa 2595 Val Ala Ala Thr Leu Phe Trp Leu Leu Leu Thr Leu Leu Ile Arg Lys 770 775 780 atg aaa agg tct tct tct gaa ata aag act gac tac cta tca att ata 2643 Met Lys Arg Ser Ser Ser Glu Ile Lys Thr Asp Tyr Leu Ser Ile Ile 785 790 795 atg gac cca gat gaa gtt cct ttg gat gag cag tgt gag cgg ctc cct 2691 Met Asp Pro Asp Glu Val Pro Leu Asp Glu Gln Cys Glu Arg Leu Pro 800 805 810 tat gat gcc agc aag tgg gag ttt gcc cgg gag aga ctt aaa ctg ggc 2739 Tyr Asp Ala Ser Lys Trp Glu Phe Ala Arg Glu Arg Leu Lys Leu Gly 815 820 825 830 aaa tca ctt gga aga ggg gct ttt gga aaa gtg gtt caa gca tca gca 2787 Lys Ser Leu Gly Arg Gly Ala Phe Gly Lys Val Val Gln Ala Ser Ala 835 840 845 ttt ggc att aag aaa tca cct acg tgc cgg act gtg gct gtg aaa atg 2835 Phe Gly Ile Lys Lys Ser Pro Thr Cys Arg Thr Val Ala Val Lys Met 850 855 860 ctg aaa gag ggg gcc acg gcc agc gag tac aaa gct ctg atg act gag 2883 Leu Lys Glu Gly Ala Thr Ala Ser Glu Tyr Lys Ala Leu Met Thr Glu 865 870 875 cta aaa atc ttg acc cac att ggc cac cat ctg aac gtg gtt aac ctg 2931 Leu Lys Ile Leu Thr His Ile Gly His His Leu Asn Val Val Asn Leu 880 885 890 ctg gga gcc tgc acc aag caa gga ggg cct ctg atg gtg att gtt gaa 2979 Leu Gly Ala Cys Thr Lys Gln Gly Gly Pro Leu Met Val Ile Val Glu 895 900 905 910 tac tgc aaa tat gga aat ctc tcc aac tac ctc aag agc aaa cgt gac 3027 Tyr Cys Lys Tyr Gly Asn Leu Ser Asn Tyr Leu Lys Ser Lys Arg Asp 915 920 925 tta ttt ttt ctc aac aag gat gca gca cta cac atg gag cct aag aaa 3075 Leu Phe Phe Leu Asn Lys Asp Ala Ala Leu His Met Glu Pro Lys Lys 930 935 940 gaa aaa atg gag cca ggc ctg gaa caa ggc aag aaa cca aga cta gat 3123 Glu Lys Met Glu Pro Gly Leu Glu Gln Gly Lys Lys Pro Arg Leu Asp 945 950 955 agc gtc acc agc agc gaa agc ttt gcg agc tcc ggc ttt cag gaa gat 3171 Ser Val Thr Ser Ser Glu Ser Phe Ala Ser Ser Gly Phe Gln Glu Asp 960 965 970 aaa agt ctg agt gat gtt gag gaa gag gag gat tct gac ggt ttc tac 3219 Lys Ser Leu Ser Asp Val Glu Glu Glu Glu Asp Ser Asp Gly Phe Tyr 975 980 985 990 aag gag ccc atc act atg gaa gat ctg att tct tac agt ttt caa gtg 3267 Lys Glu Pro Ile Thr Met Glu Asp Leu Ile Ser Tyr Ser Phe Gln Val 995 1000 1005 gcc aga ggc atg gag ttc ctg tct tcc aga aag tgc att cat cgg gac 3315 Ala Arg Gly Met Glu Phe Leu Ser Ser Arg Lys Cys Ile His Arg Asp 1010 1015 1020 ctg gca gcg aga aac att ctt tta tct gag aac aac gtg gtg aag att 3363 Leu Ala Ala Arg Asn Ile Leu Leu Ser Glu Asn Asn Val Val Lys Ile 1025 1030 1035 tgt gat ttt ggc ctt gcc cgg gat att tat aag aac ccc gat tat gtg 3411 Cys Asp Phe Gly Leu Ala Arg Asp Ile Tyr Lys Asn Pro Asp Tyr Val 1040 1045 1050 aga aaa gga gat act cga ctt cct ctg aaa tgg atg gct ccc gaa tct 3459 Arg Lys Gly Asp Thr Arg Leu Pro Leu Lys Trp Met Ala Pro Glu Ser 1055 1060 1065 1070 atc ttt gac aaa atc tac agc acc aag agc gac gtg tgg tct tac gga 3507 Ile Phe Asp Lys Ile Tyr Ser Thr Lys Ser Asp Val Trp Ser Tyr Gly 1075 1080 1085 gta ttg ctg tgg gaa atc ttc tcc tta ggt ggg tct cca tac cca gga 3555 Val Leu Leu Trp Glu Ile Phe Ser Leu Gly Gly Ser Pro Tyr Pro Gly 1090 1095 1100 gta caa atg gat gag gac ttt tgc agt cgc ctg agg gaa ggc atg agg 3603 Val Gln Met Asp Glu Asp Phe Cys Ser Arg Leu Arg Glu Gly Met Arg 1105 1110 1115 atg aga gct cct gag tac tct act cct gaa atc tat cag atc atg ctg 3651 Met Arg Ala Pro Glu Tyr Ser Thr Pro Glu Ile Tyr Gln Ile Met Leu 1120 1125 1130 gac tgc tgg cac aga gac cca aaa gaa agg cca aga ttt gca gaa ctt 3699 Asp Cys Trp His Arg Asp Pro Lys Glu Arg Pro Arg Phe Ala Glu Leu 1135 1140 1145 1150 gtg gaa aaa cta ggt gat ttg ctt caa gca aat gta caa cag gat ggt 3747 Val Glu Lys Leu Gly Asp Leu Leu Gln Ala Asn Val Gln Gln Asp Gly 1155 1160 1165 aaa gac tac atc cca atc aat gcc ata ctg aca gga aat agt ggg ttt 3795 Lys Asp Tyr Ile Pro Ile Asn Ala Ile Leu Thr Gly Asn Ser Gly Phe 1170 1175 1180 aca tac tca act cct gcc ttc tct gag gac ttc ttc aag gaa agt att 3843 Thr Tyr Ser Thr Pro Ala Phe Ser Glu Asp Phe Phe Lys Glu Ser Ile 1185 1190 1195 tca gct ccg aag ttt aat tca gga agc tct gat gat gtc aga tat gta 3891 Ser Ala Pro Lys Phe Asn Ser Gly Ser Ser Asp Asp Val Arg Tyr Val 1200 1205 1210 aat gct ttc aag ttc atg agc ctg gaa aga atc aaa acc ttt gaa gaa 3939 Asn Ala Phe Lys Phe Met Ser Leu Glu Arg Ile Lys Thr Phe Glu Glu 1215 1220 1225 1230 ctt tta ccg aat gcc acc tcc atg ttt gat gac tac cag ggc gac agc 3987 Leu Leu Pro Asn Ala Thr Ser Met Phe Asp Asp Tyr Gln Gly Asp Ser 1235 1240 1245 agc act ctg ttg gcc tct ccc atg ctg aag cgc ttc acc tgg act gac 4035 Ser Thr Leu Leu Ala Ser Pro Met Leu Lys Arg Phe Thr Trp Thr Asp 1250 1255 1260 agc aaa ccc aag gcc tcg ctc aag att gac ttg aga gta acc agt aaa 4083 Ser Lys Pro Lys Ala Ser Leu Lys Ile Asp Leu Arg Val Thr Ser Lys 1265 1270 1275 agt aag gag tcg ggg ctg tct gat gtc agc agg ccc agt ttc tgc cat 4131 Ser Lys Glu Ser Gly Leu Ser Asp Val Ser Arg Pro Ser Phe Cys His 1280 1285 1290 tcc agc tgt ggg cac gtc agc gaa ggc aag cgc agg ttc acc tac gac 4179 Ser Ser Cys Gly His Val Ser Glu Gly Lys Arg Arg Phe Thr Tyr Asp 1295 1300 1305 1310 cac gct gag ctg gaa agg aaa atc gcg tgc tgc tcc ccg ccc cca gac 4227 His Ala Glu Leu Glu Arg Lys Ile Ala Cys Cys Ser Pro Pro Pro Asp 1315 1320 1325 tac aac tcg gtg gtc ctg tac tcc acc cca ccc atc tag agtttgacac 4276 Tyr Asn Ser Val Val Leu Tyr Ser Thr Pro Pro Ile 1330 1335 gaagccttat ttctagaagc acatgtgtat ttataccccc aggaaactag cttttgccag 4336 tattatgcat atataagttt acacctttat ctttccatgg gagccagctg ctttttgtga 4396 tttttttaat agtgcttttt ttttttgact aacaagaatg taactccaga tagagaaata 4456 gtgacaagtg aagaacacta ctgctaaatc ctcatgttac tcagtgttag agaaatcctt 4516 cctaaaccca atgacttccc tgctccaacc cccgccacct cagggcacgc aggaccagtt 4576 tgattgagga gctgcactga tcacccaatg catcacgtac cccactgggc cagccctgca 4636 gcccaaaacc cagggcaaca agcccgttag ccccagggga tcactggctg gcctgagcaa 4696 catctcggga gtcctctagc aggcctaaga catgtgagga ggaaaaggaa aaaaagcaaa 4756 aagcaaggga gaaaagagaa accgggagaa ggcatgagaa agaatttgag acgcaccatg 4816 tgggcacgga gggggacggg gctcagcaat gccatttcag tggcttccca gctctgaccc 4876 ttctacattt gagggcccag ccaggagcag atggacagcg atgaggggac attttctgga 4936 ttctgggagg caagaaaagg acaaatatct tttttggaac taaagcaaat tttagacctt 4996 tacctatgga agtggttcta tgtccattct cattcgtggc atgttttgat ttgtagcact 5056 gagggtggca ctcaactctg agcccatact tttggctcct ctagtaagat gcactgaaaa 5116 cttagccaga gttaggttgt ctccaggcca tgatggcctt acactgaaaa tgtcacattc 5176 tattttgggt attaatatat agtccagaca cttaactcaa tttcttggta ttattctgtt 5236 ttgcacagtt agttgtgaaa gaaagctgag aagaatgaaa atgcagtcct gaggagagtt 5296 ttctccatat caaaacgagg gctgatggag gaaaaaggtc aataaggtca agggaagacc 5356 ccgtctctat accaaccaaa ccaattcacc aacacagttg ggacccaaaa cacaggaagt 5416 cagtcacgtt tccttttcat ttaatgggga ttccactatc tcacactaat ctgaaaggat 5476 gtggaagagc attagctggc gcatattaag cactttaagc tccttgagta aaaaggtggt 5536 atgtaattta tgcaaggtat ttctccagtt gggactcagg atattagtta atgagccatc 5596 actagaagaa aagcccattt tcaactgctt tgaaacttgc ctggggtctg agcatgatgg 5656 gaatagggag acagggtagg aaagggcgcc tactcttcag ggtctaaaga tcaagtgggc 5716 cttggatcgc taagctggct ctgtttgatg ctatttatgc aagttagggt ctatgtattt 5776 aggatgcgcc tactcttcag ggtctaaaga tcaagtgggc cttggatcgc taagctggct 5836 ctgtttgatg ctatttatgc aagttagggt ctatgtattt aggatgtctg caccttctgc 5896 agccagtcag aagctggaga ggcaacagtg gattgctgct tcttggggag aagagtatgc 5956 ttccttttat ccatgtaatt taactgtaga acctgagctc taagtaaccg aagaatgtat 6016 gcctctgttc ttatgtgcca catccttgtt taaaggctct ctgtatgaag agatgggacc 6076 gtcatcagca cattccctag tgagcctact ggctcctggc agcggctttt gtggaagact 6136 cactagccag aagagaggag tgggacagtc ctctccacca agatctaaat ccaaacaaaa 6196 gcaggctaga gccagaagag aggacaaatc tttgttgttc ctcttcttta cacatacgca 6256 aaccacctgt gacagctggc aattttataa atcaggtaac tggaaggagg ttaaactcag 6316 aaaaaagaag acctcagtca attctctact tttttttttt tttttccaaa tcagataata 6376 gcccagcaaa tagtgataac aaataaaacc ttagctgttc atgtcttgat ttcaataatt 6436 aattcttaat cattaagaga ccataataaa tactcctttt caagagaaaa gcaaaaccat 6496 tagaattgtt actcagctcc ttcaaactca ggtttgtagc atacatgagt ccatccatca 6556 gtcaaagaat ggttccatct ggagtcttaa tgtagaaaga aaaatggaga cttgtaataa 6616 tgagctagtt acaaagtgct tgttcattaa aatagcactg aaaattgaaa catgaattaa 6676 ctgataatat tccaatcatt tgccatttat gacaaaaatg gttggcacta acaaagaacg 6736 agcacttcct ttcagagttt ctgagataat gtacgtggaa cagtctgggt ggaatggggc 6796 tgaaaccatg tgcaagtctg tgtcttgtca gtccaagaag tgacaccgag atgttaattt 6856 tagggacccg tgccttgttt cctagcccac aagaatgcaa acatcaaaca gatactcgct 6916 agcctcattt aaattgatta aaggaggagt gcatctttgg ccgacagtgg tgtaactgtg 6976 tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtgtg tgtgtgtggg tgtgggtgta tgtgtgtttt 7036 gtgcataact atttaaggaa actggaattt taaagttact tttatacaaa ccaagaatat 7096 atgctacaga tataagacag acatggtttg gtcctatatt tctagtcatg atgaatgtat 7156 tttgtatacc atcttcatat aatatactta aaaatatttc ttaattggga tttgtaatcg 7216 taccaactta attgataaac ttggcaactg cttttatgtt ctgtctcctt ccataaattt 7276 ttcaaaatac taattcaaca aagaaaaagc tctttttttt cctaaaataa actcaaattt 7336 atccttgttt agagcagaga aaaattaaga aaaactttga aatggtctca aaaaattgct 7396 aaatattttc aatggaaaac taaatgttag tttagctgat tgtatggggt tttcgaacct 7456 ttcacttttt gtttgtttta cctatttcac aactgtgtaa attgccaata attcctgtcc 7516 atgaaaatgc aaattatcca gtgtagatat atttgaccat caccctatgg atattggcta 7576 gttttgcctt tattaagcaa attcatttca gcctgaatgt ctgcctatat attctctgct 7636 ctttgtattc tcctttgaac ccgttaaaac atcctgtggc actc 7680 4 18 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 4 ccctcgccgg aagttgta 18 5 26 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 5 ataattaacg agtagccacg agtcaa 26 6 26 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 6 acctgcgact gagaaatctg ctcgct 26 7 19 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 7 gaaggtgaag gtcggagtc 19 8 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 8 gaagatggtg atgggatttc 20 9 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 9 caagcttccc gttctcagcc 20 10 6055 DNA Mus musculus CDS (27)...(4028) 10 ggccaacagg ccgcgtcttg ctcacc atg gtc agc tgc tgg gac acc gcg gtc 53 Met Val Ser Cys Trp Asp Thr Ala Val 1 5 ttg cct tac gcg ctg ctc ggg tgt ctg ctt ctc aca gga tat ggc tca 101 Leu Pro Tyr Ala Leu Leu Gly Cys Leu Leu Leu Thr Gly Tyr Gly Ser 10 15 20 25 ggg tcg aag tta aaa gtg cct gaa ctg agt tta aaa ggc acc cag cat 149 Gly Ser Lys Leu Lys Val Pro Glu Leu Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Gln His 30 35 40 gtc atg caa gca ggc cag act ctc ttt ctc aag tgc aga ggg gag gca 197 Val Met Gln Ala Gly Gln Thr Leu Phe Leu Lys Cys Arg Gly Glu Ala 45 50 55 gcc cac tca tgg tct ctg ccc acg acc gtg agc cag gag gac aaa agg 245 Ala His Ser Trp Ser Leu Pro Thr Thr Val Ser Gln Glu Asp Lys Arg 60 65 70 ctg agc atc act ccc cca tcg gcc tgt ggg agg gat aac agg caa ttc 293 Leu Ser Ile Thr Pro Pro Ser Ala Cys Gly Arg Asp Asn Arg Gln Phe 75 80 85 tgc agc acc ttg acc ttg gac acg gcg cag gcc aac cac acg ggc ctc 341 Cys Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu Asp Thr Ala Gln Ala Asn His Thr Gly Leu 90 95 100 105 tac acc tgt aga tac ctc cct aca tct act tcg aag aaa aag aaa gcg 389 Tyr Thr Cys Arg Tyr Leu Pro Thr Ser Thr Ser Lys Lys Lys Lys Ala 110 115 120 gaa tct tca atc tac ata ttt gtt agt gat gca ggg agt cct ttc ata 437 Glu Ser Ser Ile Tyr Ile Phe Val Ser Asp Ala Gly Ser Pro Phe Ile 125 130 135 gag atg cac act gac ata ccc aaa ctt gtg cac atg acg gaa gga aga 485 Glu Met His Thr Asp Ile Pro Lys Leu Val His Met Thr Glu Gly Arg 140 145 150 cag ctc atc atc ccc tgc cgg gtg acg tca ccc aac gtc aca gtc acc 533 Gln Leu Ile Ile Pro Cys Arg Val Thr Ser Pro Asn Val Thr Val Thr 155 160 165 cta aaa aag ttt cca ttt gat act ctt acc cct gat ggg caa aga ata 581 Leu Lys Lys Phe Pro Phe Asp Thr Leu Thr Pro Asp Gly Gln Arg Ile 170 175 180 185 aca tgg gac agt agg aga ggc ttt ata ata gca aat gca acg tac aaa 629 Thr Trp Asp Ser Arg Arg Gly Phe Ile Ile Ala Asn Ala Thr Tyr Lys 190 195 200 gag ata gga ctg ctg aac tgc gaa gcc acc gtc aac ggg cac ctg tac 677 Glu Ile Gly Leu Leu Asn Cys Glu Ala Thr Val Asn Gly His Leu Tyr 205 210 215 cag aca aac tat ctg acc cat cgg cag acc aat aca atc cta gat gtc 725 Gln Thr Asn Tyr Leu Thr His Arg Gln Thr Asn Thr Ile Leu Asp Val 220 225 230 caa ata cgc ccg ccg agc cca gtg aga ctg ctc cac ggg cag act ctt 773 Gln Ile Arg Pro Pro Ser Pro Val Arg Leu Leu His Gly Gln Thr Leu 235 240 245 gtc ctc aac tgc acc gcc acc acg gag ctc aat acg agg gtg caa atg 821 Val Leu Asn Cys Thr Ala Thr Thr Glu Leu Asn Thr Arg Val Gln Met 250 255 260 265 agc tgg aat tac cct ggt aaa gca act aag aga gca tct ata agg cag 869 Ser Trp Asn Tyr Pro Gly Lys Ala Thr Lys Arg Ala Ser Ile Arg Gln 270 275 280 cgg att gac cgg agc cat tcc cac aac aat gtg ttc cac agt gtt ctt 917 Arg Ile Asp Arg Ser His Ser His Asn Asn Val Phe His Ser Val Leu 285 290 295 aag atc aac aat gtg gag agc cga gac aag ggg ctc tac acc tgt cgc 965 Lys Ile Asn Asn Val Glu Ser Arg Asp Lys Gly Leu Tyr Thr Cys Arg 300 305 310 gtg aag agt ggg tcc tcg ttc cag tct ttc aac acc tcc gtg cat gtg 1013 Val Lys Ser Gly Ser Ser Phe Gln Ser Phe Asn Thr Ser Val His Val 315 320 325 tat gaa aaa gga ttc atc agt gtg aaa cat cgg aag cag ccg gtg cag 1061 Tyr Glu Lys Gly Phe Ile Ser Val Lys His Arg Lys Gln Pro Val Gln 330 335 340 345 gaa acc aca gca gga aga cgg tcc tat cgg ctg tcc atg aaa gtg aag 1109 Glu Thr Thr Ala Gly Arg Arg Ser Tyr Arg Leu Ser Met Lys Val Lys 350 355 360 gcc ttc ccc tcc cca gaa atc gta tgg tta aaa gat ggc tcg cct gca 1157 Ala Phe Pro Ser Pro Glu Ile Val Trp Leu Lys Asp Gly Ser Pro Ala 365 370 375 aca ttg aag tct gct cgc tat ttg gta cat ggc tac tca tta att atc 1205 Thr Leu Lys Ser Ala Arg Tyr Leu Val His Gly Tyr Ser Leu Ile Ile 380 385 390 aaa gat gtg aca acc gag gat gca ggg gac tat acg atc ttg ctg ggc 1253 Lys Asp Val Thr Thr Glu Asp Ala Gly Asp Tyr Thr Ile Leu Leu Gly 395 400 405 ata aag cag tca agg cta ttt aaa aac ctc act gcc act ctc att gta 1301 Ile Lys Gln Ser Arg Leu Phe Lys Asn Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Ile Val 410 415 420 425 aac gtg aaa cct cag atc tac gaa aag tcc gtg tcc tcg ctt cca agc 1349 Asn Val Lys Pro Gln Ile Tyr Glu Lys Ser Val Ser Ser Leu Pro Ser 430 435 440 cca cct ctc tat ccg ctg ggc agc aga caa gtc ctc act tgc acc gtg 1397 Pro Pro Leu Tyr Pro Leu Gly Ser Arg Gln Val Leu Thr Cys Thr Val 445 450 455 tat ggc atc cct cgg cca aca atc acg tgg ctc tgg cac ccc tgt cac 1445 Tyr Gly Ile Pro Arg Pro Thr Ile Thr Trp Leu Trp His Pro Cys His 460 465 470 cac aat cac tcc aaa gaa agg tat gac ttc tgc act gag aat gaa gaa 1493 His Asn His Ser Lys Glu Arg Tyr Asp Phe Cys Thr Glu Asn Glu Glu 475 480 485 tcc ttt atc ctg gat ccc agc agc aac tta gga aac aga att gag agc 1541 Ser Phe Ile Leu Asp Pro Ser Ser Asn Leu Gly Asn Arg Ile Glu Ser 490 495 500 505 atc tct cag cgc atg acg gtc ata gaa gga aca aat aag acg gtt agc 1589 Ile Ser Gln Arg Met Thr Val Ile Glu Gly Thr Asn Lys Thr Val Ser 510 515 520 aca ttg gtg gtg gct gac tct cag acc cct gga atc tac agc tgc cgg 1637 Thr Leu Val Val Ala Asp Ser Gln Thr Pro Gly Ile Tyr Ser Cys Arg 525 530 535 gcc ttc aat aaa ata ggg act gtg gaa aga aac ata aaa ttt tat gtc 1685 Ala Phe Asn Lys Ile Gly Thr Val Glu Arg Asn Ile Lys Phe Tyr Val 540 545 550 aca gat gtg ccg aat ggc ttt cac gtt tcc ttg gaa aag atg cca gcc 1733 Thr Asp Val Pro Asn Gly Phe His Val Ser Leu Glu Lys Met Pro Ala 555 560 565 gaa gga gag gac ctg aaa ctg tcc tgt gtg gtc aat aaa ttc ctg tac 1781 Glu Gly Glu Asp Leu Lys Leu Ser Cys Val Val Asn Lys Phe Leu Tyr 570 575 580 585 aga gac att acc tgg att ctg cta cgg aca gtt aac aac aga acc atg 1829 Arg Asp Ile Thr Trp Ile Leu Leu Arg Thr Val Asn Asn Arg Thr Met 590 595 600 cac cat agt atc agc aag caa aaa atg gcc acc act caa gat tac tcc 1877 His His Ser Ile Ser Lys Gln Lys Met Ala Thr Thr Gln Asp Tyr Ser 605 610 615 atc act ctg aac ctt gtc atc aag aac gtg tct cta gaa gac tcg ggc 1925 Ile Thr Leu Asn Leu Val Ile Lys Asn Val Ser Leu Glu Asp Ser Gly 620 625 630 acc tat gcg tgc aga gcc agg aac ata tac aca ggg gaa gac atc ctt 1973 Thr Tyr Ala Cys Arg Ala Arg Asn Ile Tyr Thr Gly Glu Asp Ile Leu 635 640 645 cgg aag aca gaa gtt ctc gtt aga gat tcg gaa gcg cca cac ctg ctt 2021 Arg Lys Thr Glu Val Leu Val Arg Asp Ser Glu Ala Pro His Leu Leu 650 655 660 665 caa aac ctc agt gac tac gag gtc tcc atc agt ggc tct acg acc tta 2069 Gln Asn Leu Ser Asp Tyr Glu Val Ser Ile Ser Gly Ser Thr Thr Leu 670 675 680 gac tgt caa gct aga ggt gtc ccc gcg cct cag atc act tgg ttc aaa 2117 Asp Cys Gln Ala Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Pro Gln Ile Thr Trp Phe Lys 685 690 695 aac aac cac aaa ata caa caa gaa ccg gga att att tta gga cca gga 2165 Asn Asn His Lys Ile Gln Gln Glu Pro Gly Ile Ile Leu Gly Pro Gly 700 705 710 aac agc acg ctg ttt att gaa aga gtc aca gag gag gat gag ggt gtc 2213 Asn Ser Thr Leu Phe Ile Glu Arg Val Thr Glu Glu Asp Glu Gly Val 715 720 725 tat agg tgc cga gcc acc aac cag aag ggg gcc gtg gaa agc gca gcc 2261 Tyr Arg Cys Arg Ala Thr Asn Gln Lys Gly Ala Val Glu Ser Ala Ala 730 735 740 745 tac ctc acc gtg caa gga acc tca gac aag tca aac ctg gag ctg atc 2309 Tyr Leu Thr Val Gln Gly Thr Ser Asp Lys Ser Asn Leu Glu Leu Ile 750 755 760 acg ctc acg tgc aca tgc gtg gct gcg acc ctc ttt tgg ctc ctt cta 2357 Thr Leu Thr Cys Thr Cys Val Ala Ala Thr Leu Phe Trp Leu Leu Leu 765 770 775 act ctc ttc atc aga aaa ctg aag cgg tct tct tcc gaa gta aag aca 2405 Thr Leu Phe Ile Arg Lys Leu Lys Arg Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Lys Thr 780 785 790 gac tac ctg tca atc att atg gac cca gat gaa gtt ccc ctg gat gag 2453 Asp Tyr Leu Ser Ile Ile Met Asp Pro Asp Glu Val Pro Leu Asp Glu 795 800 805 cag tgt gaa cgg ctg ccc tat gat gcc agc aag tgg gag ttt gca cgg 2501 Gln Cys Glu Arg Leu Pro Tyr Asp Ala Ser Lys Trp Glu Phe Ala Arg 810 815 820 825 gag aga ctg aaa cta ggc aaa tcg ctc gga aga ggg gct ttt ggg aaa 2549 Glu Arg Leu Lys Leu Gly Lys Ser Leu Gly Arg Gly Ala Phe Gly Lys 830 835 840 gtc gtt caa gcc tct gca ttt ggc att aag aaa tca ccc acc tgc cgg 2597 Val Val Gln Ala Ser Ala Phe Gly Ile Lys Lys Ser Pro Thr Cys Arg 845 850 855 act gtg gct gtg aag atg ttg aaa gag ggg gcc aca gcc agt gag tac 2645 Thr Val Ala Val Lys Met Leu Lys Glu Gly Ala Thr Ala Ser Glu Tyr 860 865 870 aaa gct ctg atg acc gaa ctc aag atc ttg acc cac atc ggc cat cat 2693 Lys Ala Leu Met Thr Glu Leu Lys Ile Leu Thr His Ile Gly His His 875 880 885 ctg aat gtg gtt aac ctc ctg gga gcc tgc acg aag caa gga ggg cct 2741 Leu Asn Val Val Asn Leu Leu Gly Ala Cys Thr Lys Gln Gly Gly Pro 890 895 900 905 ctg atg gtg atc gtg gaa tac tgc aaa tac gga aac ctg tcc aac tac 2789 Leu Met Val Ile Val Glu Tyr Cys Lys Tyr Gly Asn Leu Ser Asn Tyr 910 915 920 ctc aag agc aaa cgt gac tta ttc tgt ctc aac aag gac gca gcc ttg 2837 Leu Lys Ser Lys Arg Asp Leu Phe Cys Leu Asn Lys Asp Ala Ala Leu 925 930 935 cat atg gag ctc aag aaa gag agc ctg gaa cca ggc ctg gag cag ggc 2885 His Met Glu Leu Lys Lys Glu Ser Leu Glu Pro Gly Leu Glu Gln Gly 940 945 950 cag aag ccc cgc cta gac agt gtc agc agc tca agt gtc acc agc tcc 2933 Gln Lys Pro Arg Leu Asp Ser Val Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Thr Ser Ser 955 960 965 agc ttc cct gaa gac cga agc gtg agc gat gtg gaa gga gac gag gat 2981 Ser Phe Pro Glu Asp Arg Ser Val Ser Asp Val Glu Gly Asp Glu Asp 970 975 980 985 tac agt gag atc tcc aag cag ccc ctc acc atg gaa gac ctg att tcc 3029 Tyr Ser Glu Ile Ser Lys Gln Pro Leu Thr Met Glu Asp Leu Ile Ser 990 995 1000 tac agt ttc caa gtg gcc aga ggc atg gag ttt ctg tcc tcc aga aag 3077 Tyr Ser Phe Gln Val Ala Arg Gly Met Glu Phe Leu Ser Ser Arg Lys 1005 1010 1015 tgc att cat cgg gac ctg gca gcg aga aac atc ctt tta tct gag aac 3125 Cys Ile His Arg Asp Leu Ala Ala Arg Asn Ile Leu Leu Ser Glu Asn 1020 1025 1030 aat gtg gtg aag att tgc gac ttt ggc ctg gcc cgg gat att tat aag 3173 Asn Val Val Lys Ile Cys Asp Phe Gly Leu Ala Arg Asp Ile Tyr Lys 1035 1040 1045 aac cct gat tat gtg agg aga gga gat act cga ctt ccc cta aaa tgg 3221 Asn Pro Asp Tyr Val Arg Arg Gly Asp Thr Arg Leu Pro Leu Lys Trp 1050 1055 1060 1065 atg gct cct gaa tcc atc ttt gac aag gtc tac agc acc aag agc gat 3269 Met Ala Pro Glu Ser Ile Phe Asp Lys Val Tyr Ser Thr Lys Ser Asp 1070 1075 1080 gtg tgg tcc tat ggc gtg ttg ctg tgg gag atc ttc tcc tta ggg ggt 3317 Val Trp Ser Tyr Gly Val Leu Leu Trp Glu Ile Phe Ser Leu Gly Gly 1085 1090 1095 tct cca tac cca gga gtg caa atg gat gaa gac ttc tgc agc cgc ctg 3365 Ser Pro Tyr Pro Gly Val Gln Met Asp Glu Asp Phe Cys Ser Arg Leu 1100 1105 1110 aag gaa ggc atg cgg atg aga acc ccg gag tat gcc aca cct gaa atc 3413 Lys Glu Gly Met Arg Met Arg Thr Pro Glu Tyr Ala Thr Pro Glu Ile 1115 1120 1125 tac caa atc atg ttg gat tgc tgg cac aaa gac ccc aaa gag agg ccc 3461 Tyr Gln Ile Met Leu Asp Cys Trp His Lys Asp Pro Lys Glu Arg Pro 1130 1135 1140 1145 cgg ttt gct gaa ctt gtg gag aaa ctt ggt gac ctg ctt caa gcc aac 3509 Arg Phe Ala Glu Leu Val Glu Lys Leu Gly Asp Leu Leu Gln Ala Asn 1150 1155 1160 gtc caa cag gat ggg aaa gat tac atc ccc ctc aat gcc ata ctg act 3557 Val Gln Gln Asp Gly Lys Asp Tyr Ile Pro Leu Asn Ala Ile Leu Thr 1165 1170 1175 aga aac agt agc ttc aca tac tcg acc ccc acc ttc tct gag gac ctt 3605 Arg Asn Ser Ser Phe Thr Tyr Ser Thr Pro Thr Phe Ser Glu Asp Leu 1180 1185 1190 ttc aag gac ggc ttt gca gat cca cat ttt cat tcc gga agc tct gat 3653 Phe Lys Asp Gly Phe Ala Asp Pro His Phe His Ser Gly Ser Ser Asp 1195 1200 1205 gat gtg aga tat gta aac gct ttc aaa ttc atg agc ctg gaa aga atc 3701 Asp Val Arg Tyr Val Asn Ala Phe Lys Phe Met Ser Leu Glu Arg Ile 1210 1215 1220 1225 aaa acc ttt gag gag ctt tca ccg aac tcc acc tcc atg ttt gag gac 3749 Lys Thr Phe Glu Glu Leu Ser Pro Asn Ser Thr Ser Met Phe Glu Asp 1230 1235 1240 tat cag ctg gac act agc act ctg ctg ggc tcc ccc ttg ctg aag cgg 3797 Tyr Gln Leu Asp Thr Ser Thr Leu Leu Gly Ser Pro Leu Leu Lys Arg 1245 1250 1255 ttc acc tgg act gag acc aag ccc aag gcc tcc atg aag ata gac ttg 3845 Phe Thr Trp Thr Glu Thr Lys Pro Lys Ala Ser Met Lys Ile Asp Leu 1260 1265 1270 aga ata gcg agt aaa agc aag gag gcg gga ctt tcc gat ctg ccg agg 3893 Arg Ile Ala Ser Lys Ser Lys Glu Ala Gly Leu Ser Asp Leu Pro Arg 1275 1280 1285 ccc agc ttc tgc ttc tcc agc tgt ggc cac atc agg ccc gtg cag gac 3941 Pro Ser Phe Cys Phe Ser Ser Cys Gly His Ile Arg Pro Val Gln Asp 1290 1295 1300 1305 gat gaa tct gag ctg gga aag gag tcc tgc tgt tct cca ccc cca gac 3989 Asp Glu Ser Glu Leu Gly Lys Glu Ser Cys Cys Ser Pro Pro Pro Asp 1310 1315 1320 tac aac tcc gtg gtg ttg tac tcc tcc ccg ccc gcc taa agcttctcac 4038 Tyr Asn Ser Val Val Leu Tyr Ser Ser Pro Pro Ala 1325 1330 cagccccgac aaccagcccc tgacagtatt atacatctat gagtttacac ctattccgct 4098 ccacaggagc cagctgcttt tcgtgacctt taatcgtgct tttttgtttt ttgttttgtt 4158 tgttgttgct gttttgacta acaagaatgt aaccccagtt agtgacgtgt gaagaatact 4218 attgttagag aaatcccccc cgcaaagcct cagggtaacc tggacaggaa ggagcaggtg 4278 cctctggcga ccgcccgccc accggccatg gccccaccca ccctccctgc agctgtggga 4338 ctagaggcag taagcccatt agctcatggc tgcatgcact gacctgctct gtctctctta 4398 tggaggaaag ggagaacaga gcaaacagga ggcacaggaa aaggctttgg gatgcgtccg 4458 tcctgtggag cccgtgcagg agggggctcc gctatgccac ttcagtgact tctcactcct 4518 ggcctccgct gtttcgggcc cccttccaag aggtatcaga gcagaacatg agggacgttt 4578 cctagaccag ggcacatgtt ctcgggaacc acagttaatc ttaaatcttt tcccgggagt 4638 cttctgttgt ctgtttacca tccaaagcat atttaacatg tgtcagtggg ggtggcgctt 4698 ggcttctgag gccagagcca tcatcagttc ctctagtgag atgcattgag gtcataccca 4758 agcttgcagg cctgaccttc gcatactgct cacggggagt taagtggtcc agtttggcct 4818 agtaaggttg cctactgatg ggctcaaaag ccacatttta aacaggtttt atctcaagta 4878 ttaatatata gacaagacac ttatgcatta tcctgtttta tatatccaat gaatataact 4938 ggggcgagtt aagagtcatg gtctagaaaa ggggtttctc tgtacccaaa tcgggctggt 4998 tggaccaaga cccagagagg acagagtggt tgtcccagct atagttacta aactactcac 5058 ccaaagttgg gacctcactg gcttctcttt acttcatcat ggatttcacc atcccaaggc 5118 agtctgagag gagctaaaga gtatcagccc atatttatta agcactttat gctccttggc 5178 acagcaggtg atgtgtaatt tatgcaagct ccctctccag ctaggactca ggatattagt 5238 caatgagcca tcaaaaggaa aaaaaaaaaa acctatctta ttttcatctg tttcatacct 5298 tgtctggggt ctaatgacga tggcaacagg gtagacatgg gaagacaggg tagaaaaggg 5358 tgcccgctct ttggggtcta gagatgagcc ctgggtctct aaaatggctc tcttagaagt 5418 tgtatgtgca aattatggtc tgtgtgctta ggtcgtgcac acctgccgga gccggtcaca 5478 gctgggcaga cgatgaatag ctgctttggg agagcagagc atgctagcca cttaattctc 5538 tgaccgggcc agcatcatgg gtacctgctc ccctgtgtac cccatcctta aggttttctg 5598 tctgatgaga ctggaggccc agtgcaatcc ccactgagac agcctgcagc ccactgtggc 5658 tcttggtgca ctcaccagcc aggactagac aagtaggaaa gggcttctag ccacactgga 5718 gaaaaagaaa atcaggtagg gctggccaaa gacatctttg tccattcgca aaagctcttg 5778 tcggctgcag tgtgtaagtc aggcgatgag acagaggcta ccagagaaac ggatgagaac 5838 agcagcctga ggtttctcat ccagatatcc agcaattggg gggtggggga agaccataga 5898 tggtcctgta ttattccgat tttaataatc taattcgtga tcattaagag actttagtaa 5958 atgtcccttt tcccacaaaa gtaaagaaaa gctatcggga ttctctggtt ctgcttaaag 6018 acttagcttt ggagcctatg aaagttgatc agccagg 6055 11 21 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 11 caatgtggag agccgagaca a 21 12 23 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 12 gaggtgttga aagactggaa cga 23 13 25 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 13 acacctgtcg cgtgaagagt gggtc 25 14 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 14 ggcaaattca acggcacagt 20 15 20 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Primer 15 gggtctcgct cctggaagat 20 16 27 DNA Artificial Sequence PCR Probe 16 aaggccgaga atgggaagct tgtcatc 27 17 1745 DNA Homo sapiens 17 gtggcaactt tgggttaccc aaccttccta ggcggggagg tagtccagtc cttcaggaag 60 agtctctggc tccgttcaag agccatcaca gtcccttgta ttacatccct ctgacgggtt 120 ccaataggac tatttttcaa atctgcggta tttacagaga caagactggg ctgctccgtg 180 cagccaggac gacttcagcc tttgaggtaa tggagacata attgaggaac aacgtggaat 240 tagtgtcata gcaaatgatc tagggcctca agttaatttc agccggttgt ggtcagagtc 300 actcatcttg agtagcaagc tgccaccaga aagatttctt tttcgagcat ttagggaata 360 aagttcaagt gccctgcgct tccaagttgc aggagcagtt tcacgcctca gctttttaaa 420 ggtatcataa tgttattcct tgttttgctt ctaggaagca gaagactgag gaaatgactt 480 gggcgggtgc atcaatgcgg ccgaaaaaga cacggacacg ctcccctggg acctgagctg 540 gttcgcagtc ttcccaaagg tgccaagcaa gcgtcagttc ccctcaggcg ctccaggttc 600 agtgccttgt gccgagggtc tccggtgcct tcctagactt ctcgggacag tctgaagggg 660 tcaggagcgg cgggacagcg cgggaagagc aggcaagggg agacagccgg actgcgcctc 720 agtcctccgt gccaagaaca ccgtcgcgga ggcgcggcca gcttcccttg gatcggactt 780 tccgccccta gggccaggcg gcggagcttc agccttgtcc cttccccagt ttcgggcggc 840 ccccagagct gagtaagccg ggtggaggga gtctgcaagg atttcctgag cgcgatgggc 900 aggaggaggg gcaagggcaa gagggcgcgg agcaaagacc ctgaacctgc cggggccgcg 960 ctcccgggcc cgcgtcgcca gcacctcccc acgcgcgctc ggccccgggc cacccgccct 1020 cgtcggcccc cgcccctctc cgtagccgca gggaagcgag cctgggagga agaagagggt 1080 aggtggggag gcggatgagg ggtgggggac cccttgacgt caccagaagg aggtgccggg 1140 gtaggaagtg ggctggggaa aggttataaa tcgcccccgc cctcggctgc tcttcatcga 1200 ggtccgcggg aggctcggag cgcgccaggc ggacactcct ctcggctcct ccccggcagc 1260 ggcggcggct cggagcgggc tccggggctc gggtgcagcg gccagcgggc gcctggcggc 1320 gaggattacc cggggaagtg gttgtctcct ggctggagcc gcgagacggg cgctcagggc 1380 gcggggccgg cggcggcgaa cgagaggacg gactctggcg gccgggtctt tggccgcggg 1440 gagcgcgggc accgggcgag caggccgcgt cgcgctcacc atggtcagct actgggacac 1500 cggggtcctg ctgtgcgcgc tgctcagctg tctgcttctc acaggtgagg cgcggctggg 1560 ggccggggcc tgaggcgggc tgcgatgggg cggccggagg gcagagcctc cgaggccagg 1620 gcggggtgca cgcggggaga cgaggctgta gcccggagaa gctggctacg gcgagaacct 1680 gggacactag ttgcagcggg cacgcttggg gccgctgcgc cctttctccg agggagcgcc 1740 tcgag 1745 18 530 DNA Homo sapiens 18 cagctggaga aagatctcat cttggcagct caggataaaa gactgtgggg aaagtttgcc 60 cactggtaaa tcttagataa ccagcttcgc tgatcaaata gtagcccagt ggattcagac 120 catttcttga ctttgagggc ttggggacct gtatttgtag agaggctctt catgtttatg 180 gtaactctgt gtgcaccgag agtgctccct tcacagcatg tgaaatggat tcccaaatta 240 agataatgac actgacaggt gtaggaaatt agttggttag gttaaggaaa tgcattgatt 300 atgcaactgt tttattatag tgcattcatc gggacctggc agcgagaaac attcttttat 360 ctgagaacaa cgtggtgaag atttgtgatt ttggccttgc ccgggatatt tataagaacc 420 ccgattatgt gagaaaagga gatgtaagtc agtttgatgt ttatttgact catgtgtgtc 480 ctatcacttt taaaccacag acttggtaaa tatttacact tcctcagctg 530 19 2651 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (250)...(2313) 19 gcggacactc ctctcggctc ctccccggca gcggcggcgg ctcggagcgg gctccggggc 60 tcgggtgcag cggccagcgg gcctggcggc gaggattacc cggggaagtg gttgtctcct 120 ggctggagcc gcgagacggg cgctcagggc gcggggccgg cggcggcgaa cgagaggacg 180 gactctggcg gccgggtcgt tggccggggg agcgcgggca ccgggcgagc aggccgcgtc 240 gcgctcacc atg gtc agc tac tgg gac acc ggg gtc ctg ctg tgc gcg ctg 291 Met Val Ser Tyr Trp Asp Thr Gly Val Leu Leu Cys Ala Leu 1 5 10 ctc agc tgt ctg ctt ctc aca gga tct agt tca ggt tca aaa tta aaa 339 Leu Ser Cys Leu Leu Leu Thr Gly Ser Ser Ser Gly Ser Lys Leu Lys 15 20 25 30 gat cct gaa ctg agt tta aaa ggc acc cag cac atc atg caa gca ggc 387 Asp Pro Glu Leu Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Gln His Ile Met Gln Ala Gly 35 40 45 cag aca ctg cat ctc caa tgc agg ggg gaa gca gcc cat aaa tgg tct 435 Gln Thr Leu His Leu Gln Cys Arg Gly Glu Ala Ala His Lys Trp Ser 50 55 60 ttg cct gaa atg gtg agt aag gaa agc gaa agg ctg agc ata act aaa 483 Leu Pro Glu Met Val Ser Lys Glu Ser Glu Arg Leu Ser Ile Thr Lys 65 70 75 tct gcc tgt gga aga aat ggc aaa caa ttc tgc agt act tta acc ttg 531 Ser Ala Cys Gly Arg Asn Gly Lys Gln Phe Cys Ser Thr Leu Thr Leu 80 85 90 aac aca gct caa gca aac cac act ggc ttc tac agc tgc aaa tat cta 579 Asn Thr Ala Gln Ala Asn His Thr Gly Phe Tyr Ser Cys Lys Tyr Leu 95 100 105 110 gct gta cct act tca aag aag aag gaa aca gaa tct gca atc tat ata 627 Ala Val Pro Thr Ser Lys Lys Lys Glu Thr Glu Ser Ala Ile Tyr Ile 115 120 125 ttt att agt gat aca ggt aga cct ttc gta gag atg tac agt gaa atc 675 Phe Ile Ser Asp Thr Gly Arg Pro Phe Val Glu Met Tyr Ser Glu Ile 130 135 140 ccc gaa att ata cac atg act gaa gga agg gag ctc gtc att ccc tgc 723 Pro Glu Ile Ile His Met Thr Glu Gly Arg Glu Leu Val Ile Pro Cys 145 150 155 cgg gtt acg tca cct aac atc act gtt act tta aaa aag ttt cca ctt 771 Arg Val Thr Ser Pro Asn Ile Thr Val Thr Leu Lys Lys Phe Pro Leu 160 165 170 gac act ttg atc cct gat gga aaa cgc ata atc tgg gac agt aga aag 819 Asp Thr Leu Ile Pro Asp Gly Lys Arg Ile Ile Trp Asp Ser Arg Lys 175 180 185 190 ggc ttc atc ata tca aat gca acg tac aaa gaa ata ggg ctt ctg acc 867 Gly Phe Ile Ile Ser Asn Ala Thr Tyr Lys Glu Ile Gly Leu Leu Thr 195 200 205 tgt gaa gca aca gtc aat ggg cat ttg tat aag aca aac tat ctc aca 915 Cys Glu Ala Thr Val Asn Gly His Leu Tyr Lys Thr Asn Tyr Leu Thr 210 215 220 cat cga caa acc aat aca atc ata gat gtc caa ata agc aca cca cgc 963 His Arg Gln Thr Asn Thr Ile Ile Asp Val Gln Ile Ser Thr Pro Arg 225 230 235 cca gtc aaa tta ctt aga ggc cat act ctt gtc ctc aat tgt act gct 1011 Pro Val Lys Leu Leu Arg Gly His Thr Leu Val Leu Asn Cys Thr Ala 240 245 250 acc act ccc ttg aac acg aga gtt caa atg acc tgg agt tac cct gat 1059 Thr Thr Pro Leu Asn Thr Arg Val Gln Met Thr Trp Ser Tyr Pro Asp 255 260 265 270 gaa aaa aat aag aga gct tcc gta agg cga cga att gac caa agc aat 1107 Glu Lys Asn Lys Arg Ala Ser Val Arg Arg Arg Ile Asp Gln Ser Asn 275 280 285 tcc cat gcc aac ata ttc tac agt gtt ctt act att gac aaa atg cag 1155 Ser His Ala Asn Ile Phe Tyr Ser Val Leu Thr Ile Asp Lys Met Gln 290 295 300 aac aaa gac aaa gga ctt tat act tgt cgt gta agg agt gga cca tca 1203 Asn Lys Asp Lys Gly Leu Tyr Thr Cys Arg Val Arg Ser Gly Pro Ser 305 310 315 ttc aaa tct gtt aac acc tca gtg cat ata tat gat aaa gca ttc atc 1251 Phe Lys Ser Val Asn Thr Ser Val His Ile Tyr Asp Lys Ala Phe Ile 320 325 330 act gtg aaa cat cga aaa cag cag gtg ctt gaa acc gta gct ggc aag 1299 Thr Val Lys His Arg Lys Gln Gln Val Leu Glu Thr Val Ala Gly Lys 335 340 345 350 cgg tct tac cgg ctc tct atg aaa gtg aag gca ttt ccc tcg ccg gaa 1347 Arg Ser Tyr Arg Leu Ser Met Lys Val Lys Ala Phe Pro Ser Pro Glu 355 360 365 gtt gta tgg tta aaa gat ggg tta cct gcg act gag aaa tct gct cgc 1395 Val Val Trp Leu Lys Asp Gly Leu Pro Ala Thr Glu Lys Ser Ala Arg 370 375 380 tat ttg act cgt ggc tac tcg tta att atc aag gac gta act gaa gag 1443 Tyr Leu Thr Arg Gly Tyr Ser Leu Ile Ile Lys Asp Val Thr Glu Glu 385 390 395 gat gca ggg aat tat aca atc ttg ctg agc ata aaa cag tca aat gtg 1491 Asp Ala Gly Asn Tyr Thr Ile Leu Leu Ser Ile Lys Gln Ser Asn Val 400 405 410 ttt aaa aac ctc act gcc act cta att gtc aat gtg aaa ccc cag att 1539 Phe Lys Asn Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Ile Val Asn Val Lys Pro Gln Ile 415 420 425 430 tac gaa aag gcc gtg tca tcg ttt cca gac ccg gct ctc tac cca ctg 1587 Tyr Glu Lys Ala Val Ser Ser Phe Pro Asp Pro Ala Leu Tyr Pro Leu 435 440 445 ggc agc aga caa atc ctg act tgt acc gca tat ggt atc cct caa cct 1635 Gly Ser Arg Gln Ile Leu Thr Cys Thr Ala Tyr Gly Ile Pro Gln Pro 450 455 460 aca atc aag tgg ttc tgg cac ccc tgt aac cat aat cat tcc gaa gca 1683 Thr Ile Lys Trp Phe Trp His Pro Cys Asn His Asn His Ser Glu Ala 465 470 475 agg tgt gac ttt tgt tcc aat aat gaa gag tcc ttt atc ctg gat gct 1731 Arg Cys Asp Phe Cys Ser Asn Asn Glu Glu Ser Phe Ile Leu Asp Ala 480 485 490 gac agc aac atg gga aac aga att gag agc atc act cag cgc atg gca 1779 Asp Ser Asn Met Gly Asn Arg Ile Glu Ser Ile Thr Gln Arg Met Ala 495 500 505 510 ata ata gaa gga aag aat aag atg gct agc acc ttg gtt gtg gct gac 1827 Ile Ile Glu Gly Lys Asn Lys Met Ala Ser Thr Leu Val Val Ala Asp 515 520 525 tct aga att tct gga atc tac att tgc ata gct tcc aat aaa gtt ggg 1875 Ser Arg Ile Ser Gly Ile Tyr Ile Cys Ile Ala Ser Asn Lys Val Gly 530 535 540 act gtg gga aga aac ata agc ttt tat atc aca gat gtg cca aat ggg 1923 Thr Val Gly Arg Asn Ile Ser Phe Tyr Ile Thr Asp Val Pro Asn Gly 545 550 555 ttt cat gtt aac ttg gaa aaa atg ccg acg gaa gga gag gac ctg aaa 1971 Phe His Val Asn Leu Glu Lys Met Pro Thr Glu Gly Glu Asp Leu Lys 560 565 570 ctg tct tgc aca gtt aac aag ttc tta tac aga gac gtt act tgg att 2019 Leu Ser Cys Thr Val Asn Lys Phe Leu Tyr Arg Asp Val Thr Trp Ile 575 580 585 590 tta ctg cgg aca gtt aat aac aga aca atg cac tac agt att agc aag 2067 Leu Leu Arg Thr Val Asn Asn Arg Thr Met His Tyr Ser Ile Ser Lys 595 600 605 caa aaa atg gcc atc act aag gag cac tcc atc act ctt aat ctt acc 2115 Gln Lys Met Ala Ile Thr Lys Glu His Ser Ile Thr Leu Asn Leu Thr 610 615 620 atc atg aat gtt tcc ctg caa gat tca ggc acc tat gcc tgc aga gcc 2163 Ile Met Asn Val Ser Leu Gln Asp Ser Gly Thr Tyr Ala Cys Arg Ala 625 630 635 agg aat gta tac aca ggg gaa gaa atc ctc cag aag aaa gaa att aca 2211 Arg Asn Val Tyr Thr Gly Glu Glu Ile Leu Gln Lys Lys Glu Ile Thr 640 645 650 atc aga ggt gag cac tgc aac aaa aag gct gtt ttc tct cgg atc tcc 2259 Ile Arg Gly Glu His Cys Asn Lys Lys Ala Val Phe Ser Arg Ile Ser 655 660 665 670 aaa ttt aaa agc aca agg aat gat tgt acc aca caa agt aat gta aaa 2307 Lys Phe Lys Ser Thr Arg Asn Asp Cys Thr Thr Gln Ser Asn Val Lys 675 680 685 cat taa aggactcatt aaaaagtaac agttgtctca tatcatcttg atttattgtc 2363 His actgttgcta actttcaggc tcggaggaga tgctcctccc aaaatgagtt cggagatgat 2423 agcagtaata atgagacccc cgggctccag ctctgggccc cccattcagg ccgagggggc 2483 tgctccgggg ggccgacttg gtgcacgttt ggatttggag gatccctgca ctgccttctc 2543 tgtgtttgtt gctcttgctg ttttctcctg cctgataaac aacaacttgg gatgatcctt 2603 tccattttga tgccaacctc tttttatttt taagcggcgc cctatagt 2651 20 751 DNA Homo sapiens unsure 124 unknown 20 ggggaggaat cctcagaaga aagaagtgca atcagagtca ggagccacat ccctcctcca 60 aacgtcagtg atacacagtg gcatcagcag ttccacactt tagactgtca tgctaatggt 120 gtcnccgagc ctcagatcac ttggtttaaa aacaaccaca aaatacaacg agagcctgan 180 ctgtatacat caacgtcacc atcgtcatcg tcatcatcac cattgtcatc atcatcatca 240 tcgtcatcat catcatcatc atagctatca tcattatcat catcatcatc atcatcatca 300 tagctaccat ttattgaaaa ctattatgtg tcaacttcaa agaacttatc ctttagttgg 360 agagccaaga caatcataac aataacaaat ggccgggcat ggtggctcac gcctgtaatc 420 ccagcacttt gggaggccaa ggcaggtgga tcatttgagg tcaggagttc aagaccagcc 480 tgaccaagat ggtgaaatgc tgtctctatt aaaaatacaa aattagccgg gcatggtggc 540 tcatgcctgt aatgccagct actcgggagg ctgagacagg agaatcactt gaacccagga 600 ggcagaggtt gcacggaccc gagatcgtgt actgcactcc agcctgggca acaagagcga 660 aactccgtct caaaaaacaa ataaataaat aaataaataa acagacaaaa ttcacttttt 720 attctattaa acttaacata catgcattaa a 751 21 338 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (154)...(198) 21 gagagcatca ctcagcgcat ggcaataata gaaggaaaga ataagatggc tagcaccttg 60 gttgtggctg actctagaat ttctggaatc tacatttgca tagcttccaa taaagttggg 120 actgtgggaa gaaacataag cttttatatc aca gaa ttg tca aac ttt gag tgc 174 Glu Leu Ser Asn Phe Glu Cys 1 5 ctt cat cct tgc tct cag gaa tag aactctacct catcggatct catgtgccaa 228 Leu His Pro Cys Ser Gln Glu 10 atgggtttca tgttaacttg gaaaaaatgc cgacggaagg agaggacctg aaactgtctt 288 gcacagttaa caagttctta tacagagacg ttacttggat tttactgcgg 338 22 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 22 gctgaccatg gtgagcgcga 20 23 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 23 aggatctttt aattttgaac 20 24 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 24 gtgcctttta aactcagttc 20 25 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 25 tgctgggtgc cttttaaact 20 26 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 26 gtttgcttga gctgtgttca 20 27 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 27 ccttcttctt tgaagtaggt 20 28 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 28 cgaaaggtct acctgtatca 20 29 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 29 gatatgatga agccctttct 20 30 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 30 actgttgctt cacaggtcag 20 31 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 31 gcagtacaat tgaggacaag 20 32 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 32 tttggtcaat tcgtcgcctt 20 33 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 33 cgacaagtat aaagtccttt 20 34 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 34 acagatttga atgatggtcc 20 35 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 35 cagtgatgaa tgctttatca 20 36 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 36 ttgataatta acgagtagcc 20 37 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 37 actgttttat gctcagcaag 20 38 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 38 gtgaggtttt taaacacatt 20 39 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 39 gagtggcagt gaggttttta 20 40 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 40 gacaattaga gtggcagtga 20 41 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 41 ttcacattga caattagagt 20 42 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 42 gctgcccagt gggtagagag 20 43 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 43 ttgtctgctg cccagtgggt 20 44 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 44 ccacttgatt gtaggttgag 20 45 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 45 atgttgctgt cagcatccag 20 46 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 46 gatgctctca attctgtttc 20 47 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 47 catgcgctga gtgatgctct 20 48 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 48 ccaactttat tggaagctat 20 49 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 49 acagtttcag gtcctctcct 20 50 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 50 ccgcagtaaa atccaagtaa 20 51 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 51 ttgcttgcta atactgtagt 20 52 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 52 gctctgcagg cataggtgcc 20 53 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 53 ttcctggctc tgcaggcata 20 54 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 54 ttcccctgtg tatacattcc 20 55 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 55 ctggaggatt tcttcccctg 20 56 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 56 cctggtccta aaataattcc 20 57 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 57 ctttcaataa acagcgtgct 20 58 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 58 gtgactcttt caataaacag 20 59 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 59 cctcttctgt gactctttca 20 60 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 60 tcccacttgc tggcatcata 20 61 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 61 gcaaactccc acttgctggc 20 62 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 62 gtgatttctt aatgccaaat 20 63 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 63 ttcacagcca cagtccggca 20 64 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 64 gtcatcagag ctttgtactc 20 65 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 65 ttgcttggtg caggctccca 20 66 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 66 ggccctcctt gcttggtgca 20 67 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 67 atcagaggcc ctccttgctt 20 68 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 68 atcaccatca gaggccctcc 20 69 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 69 tttgctcttg aggtagttgg 20 70 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 70 gtcacgtttg ctcttgaggt 20 71 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 71 aataagtcac gtttgctctt 20 72 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 72 tccatgcctc tggccacttg 20 73 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 73 cgatgaatgc actttctgga 20 74 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 74 caggtcccga tgaatgcact 20 75 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 75 tcgctgccag gtcccgatga 20 76 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 76 atgtttctcg ctgccaggtc 20 77 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 77 ttcttataaa tatcccgggc 20 78 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 78 gattcgggagccatccattt 20 79 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 79 gtagtctttaccatcctgtt 20 80 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 80 gggatgtagtctttaccatc 20 81 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 81 gattctttccaggctcatga 20 82 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 82 ggttttgattctttccaggc 20 83 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 83 tcaaacatggaggtggcatt 20 84 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 84 gtcaaactctagatgggtgg 20 85 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 85 ttacattcttgttagtcaaa 20 86 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 86 ttgcataaatagcatcaaac 20 87 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 87 agtcttccacaaaagccgct 20 88 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 88 atgaggctagcgagtatctg 20 89 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 89 cagggcacttgaactttatt 20 90 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 90 gcagcggccccaagcgtgcc 20 91 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 91 gagcctctctacaaatacag 20 92 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 92 tccgagagaaaacagccttt 20 93 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 93 gagacaactgttacttttta 20 94 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 94 gggaggagcatctcctccga 20 95 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 95 agcagccccctcggcctgaa 20 96 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 96 ttggcatcaaaatggaaagg 20 97 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 97 tggtgatgatgacgatgacg 20 98 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 98 caccatgcccggctaatttt 20 99 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 99 ccgatgaggtagagttctat 20 100 3394 DNA Mus musculus CDS (252)...(2318) 100 agcgcggagg cggacactcc cgggaggtag tgctagtggt ggtggctgct gctcggagcg 60 ggctccggga ctcaagcgca gcggctagcg gacgcgggac ggcgtggatc cccccacacc 120 acccccctcg gctgcaggcg cggagaaggg ctctcgcggc gccaagcaga agcaggaggg 180 gaccggctcg agcgtgccgc gtcggcctcg gagagcgcgg gcaccggcca acaggccgcg 240 tcttgctcac c atg gtc agc tgc tgg gac acc gcg gtc ttg cct tac gcg 290 Met Val Ser Cys Trp Asp Thr Ala Val Leu Pro Tyr Ala 1 5 10 ctg ctc ggg tgt ctg ctt ctc aca gga tat ggc tca ggg tcg aag tta 338 Leu Leu Gly Cys Leu Leu Leu Thr Gly Tyr Gly Ser Gly Ser Lys Leu 15 20 25 aaa gtg cct gaa ctg agt tta aaa ggc acc cag cat gtc atg caa gca 386 Lys Val Pro Glu Leu Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Gln His Val Met Gln Ala 30 35 40 45 ggc cag act ctc ttt ctc aag tgc aga ggg gag gca gcc cac tca tgg 434 Gly Gln Thr Leu Phe Leu Lys Cys Arg Gly Glu Ala Ala His Ser Trp 50 55 60 tct ctg ccc acg acc gtg agc cag gag gac aaa agg ctg agc atc act 482 Ser Leu Pro Thr Thr Val Ser Gln Glu Asp Lys Arg Leu Ser Ile Thr 65 70 75 ccc cca tcg gcc tgt ggg agg gat aac agg caa ttc tgc agc acc ttg 530 Pro Pro Ser Ala Cys Gly Arg Asp Asn Arg Gln Phe Cys Ser Thr Leu 80 85 90 acc ttg gac acg gcg cag gcc aac cac acg ggc ctc tac acc tgt aga 578 Thr Leu Asp Thr Ala Gln Ala Asn His Thr Gly Leu Tyr Thr Cys Arg 95 100 105 tac ctc cct aca tct act tcg aag aaa aag aaa gcg gaa tct tca atc 626 Tyr Leu Pro Thr Ser Thr Ser Lys Lys Lys Lys Ala Glu Ser Ser Ile 110 115 120 125 tac ata ttt gtt agt gat gca ggg agt cct ttc ata gag atg cac act 674 Tyr Ile Phe Val Ser Asp Ala Gly Ser Pro Phe Ile Glu Met His Thr 130 135 140 gac ata ccc aaa ctt gtg cac atg acg gaa gga aga cag ctc atc atc 722 Asp Ile Pro Lys Leu Val His Met Thr Glu Gly Arg Gln Leu Ile Ile 145 150 155 ccc tgc cgg gtg acg tca ccc aac gtc aca gtc acc cta aaa aag ttt 770 Pro Cys Arg Val Thr Ser Pro Asn Val Thr Val Thr Leu Lys Lys Phe 160 165 170 cca ttt gat act ctt acc cct gat ggg caa aga ata aca tgg gac agt 818 Pro Phe Asp Thr Leu Thr Pro Asp Gly Gln Arg Ile Thr Trp Asp Ser 175 180 185 agg aga ggc ttt ata ata gca aat gca acg tac aaa gag ata gga ctg 866 Arg Arg Gly Phe Ile Ile Ala Asn Ala Thr Tyr Lys Glu Ile Gly Leu 190 195 200 205 ctg aac tgc gaa gcc acc gtc aac ggg cac ctg tac cag aca aac tat 914 Leu Asn Cys Glu Ala Thr Val Asn Gly His Leu Tyr Gln Thr Asn Tyr 210 215 220 ctg acc cat cgg cag acc aat aca atc cta gat gtc caa ata cgc ccg 962 Leu Thr His Arg Gln Thr Asn Thr Ile Leu Asp Val Gln Ile Arg Pro 225 230 235 ccg agc cca gtg aga ctg ctc cac ggg cag act ctt gtc ctc aac tgc 1010 Pro Ser Pro Val Arg Leu Leu His Gly Gln Thr Leu Val Leu Asn Cys 240 245 250 acc gcc acc acg gag ctc aat acg agg gtg caa atg agc tgg aat tac 1058 Thr Ala Thr Thr Glu Leu Asn Thr Arg Val Gln Met Ser Trp Asn Tyr 255 260 265 cct ggt aaa gca act aag aga gca tct ata agg cag cgg att gac cgg 1106 Pro Gly Lys Ala Thr Lys Arg Ala Ser Ile Arg Gln Arg Ile Asp Arg 270 275 280 285 agc cat tcc cac aac aat gtg ttc cac agt gtt ctt aag atc aac aat 1154 Ser His Ser His Asn Asn Val Phe His Ser Val Leu Lys Ile Asn Asn 290 295 300 gtg gag agc cga gac aag ggg ctc tac acc tgt cgc gtg aag agt ggg 1202 Val Glu Ser Arg Asp Lys Gly Leu Tyr Thr Cys Arg Val Lys Ser Gly 305 310 315 tcc tcg ttc cag tct ttc aac acc tcc gtg cat gtg tat gaa aaa gga 1250 Ser Ser Phe Gln Ser Phe Asn Thr Ser Val His Val Tyr Glu Lys Gly 320 325 330 ttc atc agt gtg aaa cat cgg aag cag ccg gtg cag gaa acc aca gca 1298 Phe Ile Ser Val Lys His Arg Lys Gln Pro Val Gln Glu Thr Thr Ala 335 340 345 gga aga cgg tcc tat cgg ctg tcc atg aaa gtg aag gcc ttc ccc tcc 1346 Gly Arg Arg Ser Tyr Arg Leu Ser Met Lys Val Lys Ala Phe Pro Ser 350 355 360 365 cca gaa atc gta tgg tta aaa gat ggc tcg cct gca aca ttg aag tct 1394 Pro Glu Ile Val Trp Leu Lys Asp Gly Ser Pro Ala Thr Leu Lys Ser 370 375 380 gct cgc tat ttg gta cat ggc tac tca tta att atc aaa gat gtg aca 1442 Ala Arg Tyr Leu Val His Gly Tyr Ser Leu Ile Ile Lys Asp Val Thr 385 390 395 acc gag gat gca ggg gac tat acg atc ttg ctg ggc ata aag cag tca 1490 Thr Glu Asp Ala Gly Asp Tyr Thr Ile Leu Leu Gly Ile Lys Gln Ser 400 405 410 agg cta ttt aaa aac ctc act gcc act ctc att gta aac gtg aaa cct 1538 Arg Leu Phe Lys Asn Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Ile Val Asn Val Lys Pro 415 420 425 cag atc tac gaa aag tcc gtg tcc tcg ctt cca agc cca cct ctc tat 1586 Gln Ile Tyr Glu Lys Ser Val Ser Ser Leu Pro Ser Pro Pro Leu Tyr 430 435 440 445 ccg ctg ggc agc aga caa gtc ctc act tgc acc gtg tat ggc atc cct 1634 Pro Leu Gly Ser Arg Gln Val Leu Thr Cys Thr Val Tyr Gly Ile Pro 450 455 460 cgg cca aca atc acg tgg ctc tgg cac ccc tgt cac cac aat cac tcc 1682 Arg Pro Thr Ile Thr Trp Leu Trp His Pro Cys His His Asn His Ser 465 470 475 aaa gaa agg tat gac ttc tgc act gag aat gaa gaa tcc ttt atc ctg 1730 Lys Glu Arg Tyr Asp Phe Cys Thr Glu Asn Glu Glu Ser Phe Ile Leu 480 485 490 gat ccc agc agc aac tta gga aac aga att gag agc atc tct cag cgc 1778 Asp Pro Ser Ser Asn Leu Gly Asn Arg Ile Glu Ser Ile Ser Gln Arg 495 500 505 atg acg gtc ata gaa gga aca aat aag acg gtt agc aca ttg gtg gtg 1826 Met Thr Val Ile Glu Gly Thr Asn Lys Thr Val Ser Thr Leu Val Val 510 515 520 525 gct gac tct cag acc cct gga atc tac agc tgc cgg gcc ttc aat aaa 1874 Ala Asp Ser Gln Thr Pro Gly Ile Tyr Ser Cys Arg Ala Phe Asn Lys 530 535 540 ata ggg act gtg gaa aga aac ata aaa ttt tac gtc aca gat gtg ccg 1922 Ile Gly Thr Val Glu Arg Asn Ile Lys Phe Tyr Val Thr Asp Val Pro 545 550 555 aat ggc ttt cac gtt tcc ttg gaa aag atg cca gcc gaa gga gag gac 1970 Asn Gly Phe His Val Ser Leu Glu Lys Met Pro Ala Glu Gly Glu Asp 560 565 570 ctg aaa ctg tcc tgt gtg gtc aat aaa ttc ctg tac aga gac att acc 2018 Leu Lys Leu Ser Cys Val Val Asn Lys Phe Leu Tyr Arg Asp Ile Thr 575 580 585 tgg att ctg cta cgg aca gtt aac aac aga acc atg cac cat agt atc 2066 Trp Ile Leu Leu Arg Thr Val Asn Asn Arg Thr Met His His Ser Ile 590 595 600 605 agc aag caa aaa atg gcc acc act caa gat tac tcc atc act ctg aac 2114 Ser Lys Gln Lys Met Ala Thr Thr Gln Asp Tyr Ser Ile Thr Leu Asn 610 615 620 ctt gtc atc aag aac gtg tct cta gaa gac tcg ggc acc tat gcg tgc 2162 Leu Val Ile Lys Asn Val Ser Leu Glu Asp Ser Gly Thr Tyr Ala Cys 625 630 635 aga gcc agg aac ata tac aca ggg gaa gac atc ctt cgg aag aca gaa 2210 Arg Ala Arg Asn Ile Tyr Thr Gly Glu Asp Ile Leu Arg Lys Thr Glu 640 645 650 gtt ctc gtt aga ggt gag cac tgc ggc aaa aag gcc att ttc tct cgg 2258 Val Leu Val Arg Gly Glu His Cys Gly Lys Lys Ala Ile Phe Ser Arg 655 660 665 atc tcc aaa ttt aaa agc agg agg aat gat tgt acc aca caa agt cat 2306 Ile Ser Lys Phe Lys Ser Arg Arg Asn Asp Cys Thr Thr Gln Ser His 670 675 680 685 gtc aaa cat taa aggactcatt tgaaaagtaa cagttgtctc ttatcatctc 2358 Val Lys His agtttattgt tactgttgct aactttcagg cccagaggaa acgctcctcc caaaatgagt 2418 ttggacatga taacgtaata agaaagccca gtgccctctg cccggggtgc ccgctggccc 2478 gggggtgctc tgtgggccgc ccggtgtgtg tttggatttg aagatccctg tactctgttt 2538 cttttgtgtg tctgctcttc tgtcttctgc ttcatagcag caacctggga cgcatgtttt 2598 tcttccactc tgatgccaac ctcttttgat atatatatat atttttaagt tgtgaagctg 2658 aacaaactga ataatttaag caaatgctgg tttctgccaa agacggacat gaataagtta 2718 attttttttc cagcacagga tgcgtacagt tgaatttgga atctgtgtcg ggtgtctacc 2778 tggttttatt ttttactatt tcattttttg ctcttgattt gtaaatagtt cctggataac 2838 aagttataat gcttatttat ttgaaacttg gttgttttgt tgtttttttt ttcttttcat 2898 gaagtatatt gatcttaaac tggagggttc taagatgggt cccaggggct caagatgttg 2958 atgtcattcc gagagtaaag ctatgtccca atgtgaatta tgaaggtcca gcaggtctgc 3018 tccaccctcc tctgtccacc caggtaatta cacgtgtgtt tcctgctgtg ttagatgctg 3078 ttcctcattg tccttggctg gactgacagc ccctgactga cggcaaaagt gcagcaagcc 3138 ttcattataa acactcatgg cccctgggca ctgttttaaa gcccttcacc aagctttgat 3198 ggcattcaaa gatgtccaca acccatgtat ccaggatata aaggctattg tgagtggaga 3258 tttaatgcaa tcttcttaat gtctattgaa aaatctaccc atgagagaaa gaaaagtcca 3318 ccttctctat atgcaaatgt tttatgggga ttaagaaatt gcaaaagcta agaaattaca 3378 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa 3394 101 2648 DNA Mus musculus 101 gatctttccc atcaatggta tctagaaaac ctctttcatg actgatttgg ttcgaagagt 60 cctactgtag cccattattc aactctgtta ccacttctgg ggaaagggtc ttagcccttt 120 attgtccata tcaaagtgaa gttgaaatgt ccaatgaaac agtttgtatc attttaaaat 180 tcttaataac aataataaca ataacaacca atgcaaccta caaaagaaat attggtgtgg 240 aagttgttgg ctgtaaatta aaagtctggg gcttttcaaa agagttggag aaacgtatcg 300 aaggccacag catataaacc ttagctactt caattacgag gccattaatc ttagataatt 360 gagcgatatt ttagcattgt taatgcacag cttaagttat agatggtttt ggctgtcggt 420 caaatacctg tctggcttca tgatcccata aagtcattgt gggatcattt ctggcaacaa 480 actcataagg atctccttga gtatttaaag acatcaaaat gccatttgaa aacaacgcat 540 taaactaaac ctttggggac tgtacatgca acacttcccc caagttggta gttcccctcg 600 ctggtcttcc cctacaataa gccatgcccg tgtttctgtg ctcatggtgg gcttcatacc 660 cctctagaat cgtacacctc ctccacgttg tgtgtcttgg tttctgtcgg cctgctcagc 720 gcagcacctc cagcctcagt ggcgatgggt ttccaattgg caagctctcc ccagcccaaa 780 cacctgccat tgcttaaagg ggctgagcag acctcttaga agatgcgtgg gcgttaggat 840 agctcttagg ggagacaggg acagtttgac cgtgtgggtg tgtcaagacc atctgaggcc 900 ggagattcag ctgggagaat tataactacc tagtgcgggc catcctgcat gattcctgat 960 tggagagcaa tttgaggcgc cggaggcaga gggcaggaat actgacccta gtggaagctt 1020 gtagagaaat cagaattggc tggggaagtc cgcaggtgag cttaggctca cagcggtctt 1080 tcccttctgc tagaccatga aggagaaaag gaatctcact tgccctggct cagaggctcc 1140 cggtgcccta gtagagctgc gggtggtggt ggcccagact ctcttaggaa tgaggcaact 1200 caggttgcgc aaccttccct accggaggtt tagtctagtc cttcaggaaa agcctctggt 1260 cccatttagg agccatttta tcacgggtat ctggcaggtt ctattgaggc tatttttcaa 1320 acctgcagta tttacaggga caagactggg ctgctccggg gaggccggga cgacttcagc 1380 cttccagtta atggatgcat aattgaggaa caacgtggaa ttagtgtcat cgtaaatgat 1440 ctagtgtctc aagttaattt cacccgtttt ttgttccaag aacattcgag tcagtcatct 1500 tggctagccg gcttccacca aaaagatttg ttttccatcc agcgtttcag acctagagtt 1560 caagttcttg gcccttacaa gttgcaggag cgtgtctcac gccttggctt tttttttttt 1620 tttttttttt ttttttttaa ggtaacatgt tattccttgt tttgcttcta ggaagcagag 1680 ggttgaggaa atggcttggg cgggtgcatt aatgcagccg aaaaagacac agactccctc 1740 ccttgggacc cgcgcggccc cgcgctcttt ccgaaggtgc ctggcaaggc gtccggttcc 1800 ctcggacgct ccgggtccaa gtgccttaag cggagggtct ctggcgcctt ccttcgctgt 1860 ctggcaacag tctggcgggg tcagggaccg gcgggaccgc tcgggagagg gctcgactgc 1920 gcctcgttcc tcggtgccag ggacaccgtc gcgggaggcg cggccagctt ccctaggata 1980 agacttcccg ccccgggggc agggcggtgc acttagacgg tcccctcctc agtttcgggc 2040 ggtcaccaga gctgagtaag ctcggtggag ggagctgggt aaggatttcc tgagagcgat 2100 gggcaggagg ggctggggca gcagagcaca gagcaaggac cctgaacctg cgaacctgtc 2160 cggcgacccg cgcgcctagc gccaccgcac gcgcgctctg gcccccgggc tacccgccct 2220 cgccggcccc cgcccctccg ggaggaagaa gagggtaggt ggggaggcgg atgaggggtg 2280 ggggacccct tgacgtcact ggaaggaggt gcgggggtag gaagtgggct ggggaaaggt 2340 tataaatcgc ccccgccctc ggctgcactt cagcgaggtc cttgagaggc tcggagcgcg 2400 gtggcggaca ctcccgggag gtagtgctag tggtggtggc tgctgctcgg agcgggctcc 2460 gggactcaag cgcagcggct agcggacgcg ggacggcgag gatcccccca caccaccccc 2520 ctcggctgca ggcgcggaga agggctctcg cggcgccaag cagaagcagg aggggaccgg 2580 ctcgagcggc tgcgccgtcg gcctcggaga gcgcgggcac cgggccaaca ggccgcgtct 2640 tgctcacc 2648 102 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 102 cagctgacca tggtgagcaa 20 103 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 103 tcctgtgaga agcagacacc 20 104 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 104 tctgcacttg agaaagagag 20 105 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 105 aggcccgtgt ggttggcctg 20 106 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 106 agccaaaacc atctataact 20 107 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 107 aaggactccc tgcatcacta 20 108 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 108 taaagcctct cctactgtcc 20 109 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 109 acgttgcatt tgctattata 20 110 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 110 accaagacac acaacgtgga 20 111 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 111 tattggtctg ccgatgggtc 20 112 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 112 tttggacatc taggattgta 20 113 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 113 ttctaagagg tctgctcagc 20 114 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 114 ctcttagttg ctttaccagg 20 115 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 115 gggaaggcct tcactttcat 20 116 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 116 agtgaggact tgtctgctgc 20 117 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 117 gagggatgcc atacacggtg 20 118 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 118 actgactcga atgttcttgg 20 119 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 119 gagagtcagc caccaccaat 20 120 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 120 taatgtctct gtacaggaat 20 121 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 121 atgacaaggt tcagagtgat 20 122 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 122 ttcccctgtg tatatgttcc 20 123 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 123 tcctagggaa gctggccgcg 20 124 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 124 tcactgaggt tttgaagcag 20 125 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 125 ttgaaccaag tgatctgagg 20 126 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 126 aacagcgtgc tgtttcctgg 20 127 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 127 ggttggtggc tcggcaccta 20 128 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 128 acaatcattc ctcctgcttt 20 129 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 129 tgacttgtct gaggttcctt 20 130 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 130 gttagaagga gccaaaagag 20 131 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 131 tttacttcgg aagaagaccg 20 132 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 132 atgtccaaac tcattttggg 20 133 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 133 cggcaggtgg gtgatttctt 20 134 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 134 cagcttcaca acttaaaaat 20 135 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 135 tggccgatgt gggtcaagat 20 136 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 136 gttatccagg aactatttac 20 137 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 137 taagcattat aacttgttat 20 138 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 138 ctgctgacac tgtctaggcg 20 139 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 139 cttagaaccc tccagtttaa 20 140 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 140 aggaaacaca cgtgtaatta 20 141 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 141 ggaggacaga aactccatgc 20 142 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 142 tgttctcaga taaaaggatg 20 143 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 143 agaccttgtc aaagatggat 20 144 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 144 agattgcatt aaatctccac 20 145 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 145 catgggtaga tttttcaata 20 146 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 146 catttgcact cctgggtatg 20 147 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 147 tagatttcag gtgtggcata 20 148 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 148 tctccacaag ttcagcaaac 20 149 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 149 aaagctcctc aaaggttttg 20 150 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 150 cccgcctcct tgcttttact 20 151 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 151 gaggagtaca acaccacgga 20 152 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 152 tgagaagctt taggcgggcg 20 153 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 153 gtcccacagc tgcagggagg 20 154 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Antisense Oligonucleotide 154 cctggctgat caactttcat 20 

What is claimed is:
 1. An antisense compound consisting of SEQ ID NO: 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 69, 82, 85, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153 or 154 which inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1.
 2. The compound of claim 1 which is an antisense oligonucleotide.
 3. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified internucleoside linkage.
 4. The compound of claim 3 wherein the modified internucleoside linkage is a phosphorothioate linkage.
 5. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified sugar moiety.
 6. The compound of claim 5 wherein the modified sugar moiety is a 2′-O-methoxyethyl sugar moiety.
 7. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide comprises at least one modified nucleobase.
 8. The compound of claim 7 wherein the modified nucleobase is a 5-methylcytosine.
 9. The compound of claim 2 wherein the antisense oligonucleotide is a chimeric oligonucleotide.
 10. A composition comprising the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
 11. The composition of claim 10 further comprising a colloidal dispersion system.
 12. The composition of claim 10 wherein the antisense compound is an antisense oligonucleotide.
 13. A method of inhibiting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in cells or tissues comprising contacting said cells or tissues in vitro with the antisense compound of claim 1 so that expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is inhibited. 